ABAFT : Toward the stern of a ship; back;
behind; back of; further aft than.
ABEAM : At right angles to the keel.
ABOARD : On or in a ship.
ABREAST : Side by side; over against;
opposite to.
ACCOMMODATION LADDER : Stairs slung at
the gangway, leading down the vessel's side to a point near the
water, for ship access from small boats.
AFT : Near the stern; toward the stern.
AFTER BODY : That portion of a ship's
body aft of the midship section.
AFTER FRAMES : Frames aft of amidships,
or frames near the stern of the ship.
AFTER PEAK : The aftermost tank or compartment
forward of the stern post.
AFTER PERPENDICULAR : A line perpendicular
to the base line intersecting the after edge of the stern post at
the designed water line. On submarines or ships having a similar
stern, it is a vertical line passing through the point where the
designed water line intersects the stern of the ship.
AIR CASING : A ring-shaped plate coaming
surrounding the stack and fitted at the deck just below the umbrella,
to protect the deck from heat and to help ventilate the fireroom.
AIRCRAFT CARRIER : A vessel designed to
carry aircraft and fitted with a flying deck from which aircraft
are launched and on which they land. A floating flying field which
usually operates as a unit of a fleet.
AIR PORT : An opening in the side or deck
house of a vessel, usually round in shape and fitted with a hinged
frame in which a thick glass is secured. The purpose of the air
port is to provide light and ventilation to and vision from the
interior of the ship. In some instances the air port is also provided
with an additional solid metal hinged cover for purposes of protection
of the interior should the glass be damaged or to prevent light
from showing from within.
ALOFT : In the top or upper rigging; on
the yards; above the decks.
AMIDSHIPS : In the vicinity of the middle
portion of a vessel as distinguished from her ends. The term is
used to convey the idea of general locality but not that of definite
extent.
ANCHOR : A heavy iron or steel implement
attached to a vessel by means of a rope or chain cable for holding
it at rest in the water. When an anchor is lowered to the bottom,
the drag on the cable causes one or more of the prongs, called flukes,
to sink into or engage the ground which provides holding power.
* Ring (Shackle) - Device used to attach the anchor chain to
the shank of the anchor. The ring is secured to the top of the shank
with a riveted pin.
* Shank - The long center part of the anchor running between the
ring and the crown.
* Crown - The lower section of the anchor to which the shank is
secured. The shank is fitted to the crown with (on some anchors)
a pivot or ball-and-socket joint that allows a movement from 30o
to 45o either way.
* Stock - a crossmember, spar, or rod, that rolls the anchor into
an attitude that enables the flukes to dig into the sea bed. Most
newer anchors are stockless.
* Arms - The parts that extend from each side of the crown.
* Throat - The inner part of an arm where it joins the shank.
* Fluke or Palm - The broad shield part of the anchor that extends
upward from the arms.
* Blade - That part of the arm extending outward below the fluke.
* Bill or Pea - Tip of the palm or fluke.
* Cup - on a Mushroom Anchor, the round ground-holding portion corresponding
to the fluke of other designs
ANCHOR'S ACOCKBILL: when the anchor
is suspended perpendicularly from the cathead, ready to be let go.
Anchor's Apeak
- when the anchor cable is drawn in so tight as to bring the
ship directly over it.
Anchor's Atrip
- when the anchor is lifted out of the ground. Same as "Anchor's
Aweigh".
Anchor's Awash
- when the anchor is hove up to the surface of the water.
Anchor's Aweigh
- said of an anchor, during the weighing (raising) of the anchor,
when just clear of the bottom
Anchor Ball
- a round black shape hoisted in the forepart of a vessel to show
that it is at anchor
Anchor Bell
- a warning bell mounted on the foredeck and rung while at anchor
in foggy conditions
Anchor Bend
- a very secure knot used to tie rode to anchor
Anchor Detail
- a group of men who handle ground tackle when the ship is anchoring
or getting underway
ANCHOR, BOWER : The large anchors carried
in the bow of a vessel. Three are usually carried, two (the main
bowers) in the hawse pipes, or on bill boards, and a third (spare)
lashed on deck or elsewhere about the vessel for use in the event
either of the main bowers is lost. The weight varies with the size
and service of the ship.
ANCHOR BRAKE: The anchor brake, as the
name implies, is a friction brake designed to stop, or hold, the
shaft thereby preventing the anchor from dropping.
ANCHOR BUOY: A small buoy occasionally
used to mark the position of the anchor when on the bottom; usually
painted green (starboard) or red (port), and secured to the crown
of the anchor by a buoy rope.
Anchor Chain
- chain attached to the anchor. The chain acts partially as a weight
to keep the anchor lying next to the ground so that it can hold
better.
Anchor Chocks
- deck fittings for storing the anchor
Anchor Ice
- ice of any kind that is aground in the sea
ANCHOR, KEDGE : A small anchor used for
warping or kedging. It is usually planted from a small boat, the
vessel being hauled up toward it. The weight varies, being usually
from 900 to 1,200 pounds.
Anchor Light
- a white light displayed by a boat or ship at anchor. Two such
lights are displayed by a ship over 150 feet (46 m) in length, Also
called a riding light.
Anchor Pocket -
a recess in the bow for storing an anchor; also called a billboard
ANCHOR, SEA : This is not a true anchor,
as it does not sink to the bottom. It is a conical-shaped canvas
bag required by the Steamboat Inspection Service to be carried in
each lifeboat. When placed overboard it serves a double purpose
in keeping the boat head-on into the sea and in spreading a vegetable
or animal oil from a container placed inside the bag. It is sometimes
called an oil spreader.
ANCHOR, STREAM : An anchor weighing from
about one-fourth to one-third the weight of the main bowers and
used when mooring in a narrow channel or harbor to prevent the vessel's
stern from swinging with the current or the tide.
Anchor Watch -
making sure the anchor is holding and that the boat is not drifting.
Important during rough weather and at night. Most marine GPS units
have an Anchor Watch alarm capability.
ANEMOMETER - an instrument for measuring the speed of
the wind
ANEROID BAROMETER - an instrument that determines atmospheric
pressure by the effect of such pressure on a thin-metal cylinder
from which the air has been partly exhausted
ANGLE OF ATTACK - the angle between the chord of a sail
and the relative wind or between the chord of a hydrofoil such as
a keel or rudder and a vector line representing the true path through
the water, taking the amount of sideslip or leeway into account.
The term applies to a sail only when the relative wind is forward
of the beam.
ANGLE : Same as angle bar.
ANGLE BAR : A bar of angle-shaped section
used as a stiffener and for attachment of one plate or shape to
another.
ANGLE BULB : A structural shape having
a bulb on one flange of the angle, used as a frame, beam, or stiffener.
ANGLE COLLAR : A collar or band made of
one or more pieces of angle bar and fitted tightly around a pipe,
trunk, frame, longitudinal, or stiffener intersecting or projecting
through a bulkhead or deck for the purposes of making a watertight
or oil tight joint. See Stapling.
ANGLE OF SAIL - the angle between the vessel's compass
course and the true wind
ANTI-FOULING - a type of paint that is resistant to barnacles,
moss, seaweed, marine grass and various other plant and animal life
that would want to adhere to a vessel's hull and slow or damage
the hull. There are four basic types: ablative, sloughing, modified
epoxy, and vinyl, all of which usually contain copper biocide.
ANTITRADES - the prevailing westerly winds of the middle
latitudes. The winds to the north of the trade winds which blow
in the opposite direction Since the early square rigged ships could
not sail to weather, they had to cross to the New World on the trades
or tradewinds, and return by a more Northerly route in the antitrades
ANNEAL : To heat a metal and to cool it
in such a fashion as to toughen and soften it. Brass or copper is
annealed by heating to a cherry red and dipping suddenly into water
while hot. Iron or steel is slowly cooled from the heated condition
to anneal.
Anti-trip Chine - a flared out aft section of
the side and bottom of a boat. The purpose is to prevent the hard
chine of the boat catching a wake or small wave on a sharp turn.
Apeak or Apeek - 1. more or less vertical. (You
may hold your oars apeak, raise your gaff apeak or be apeak your
anchor. 2. (of a dropped anchor) as nearly vertical as possible
without being free of the bottom. 3. (of an anchored vessel) having
the anchor cable as nearly vertical as possible without freeing
the anchor. Sometimes it is necessary to do this in order to let
wave action break the anchor loose.
Aport - on or toward the port side of a ship;
as in: “Come ten degrees aport.”
Apparent Horizon - the plane where the earth
or water and sky seem to meet
Apparent Time - the time of day indicated by
the hour angle of the sun; i.e. apparent noon locally would be the
moment when the sun is at its zenith. A properly mounted sundial
indicates apparent time. The concept is employed when making navigation
calculations. A sun sight at noon and a simple calculation can produce
a very accurate line of longitude
Apparent Wind - the direction and velocity of
the wind relative to the speed and direction of the boat which is
derived from the True Wind and Wind of Motion
APPENDAGES : Relatively small portions
of a vessel extending beyond its main outline as shown by transverse
and water plane sections, including such items as shafting, struts,
bossings, docking and bilge keels, propellers, rudder, and any other
feature, extraneous to the hull and generally immersed.
Apron - a timber fitted abaft the stem to re-enforce the
stem and give a sufficient surface on which to land the hood ends
of the planks
ARBOR : The principal axis member, or
spindle, of a machine by which a motion of revolution is transmitted.
ARCHING : Sometimes used in lieu of "hogging".
Arc of Visibility - the portion of the horizon over which
a lighted aid to navigation is visible from seaward
Arctic Ocean - the northern polar ocean north of Alaska,
Canada, Russia, Greenland, etc.
AREA OF SECTIONS : The area of any cross
section of the immersed portion of a vessel, the cross section being
taken at right angles to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel.
Argosy - an extremely large ship or fleet of
ships, especially merchant ships. (archaic)
Arm - 1. a branching waterway from a harbor
or bay 2. The crosspiece of an anchor from the crown to flukes
Armada - a fleet of warships
Arming - tallow or other sticky substance placed
in the recess at the lower end of a sounding lead for obtaining
a sample of the bottom
Ash Can - World War II slang for a depth charge
Ashore - On shore or beach; as in, "Send
someone ashore to find fresh water."
Aspect Ratio - the relationship between the
height of a sail and its breadth. i.e. A sail with a height of 30'
and a breadth of 20' has an aspect ratio of 3:2. A tall and narrow
sail is said to have a high aspect ratio.
Astarboard - in or toward the direction of the
right side of the ship when facing forward, as in: "Pass the
marker, then turn hard astarboard."
ASTERN : Signifying position, in the rear
of or abaft the stern; as regards motion, the opposite of going
ahead; backwards.
Astrolabe - a primitive portable insturment
used to measure celestial angles. The predecessor to the sextant.
Astronavigation - Celestial navigation. Determining
your positon by sightings of celestial bodies.
Astronomical Almanac - a catalogue of tables
showing the location of various celestial bodies at specific moments
in time throughout the year; consulted by the navigator in preparation
for taking sights of celestial bodies. Such tables were known as "The
Ephemeris" since the 18th C. until 1981 when it was jointly
published by the US and Britian.
Atmospherics - interference in reception of
radio communications caused by natural phenomena such as lightning
or sunspots; as in: “Atmospherics are so bad I can’t understand
his transmission.”
Atoll - a roughly circular island created by
and of coral, most common in the South Pacific, surrounding a lagoon
Athwart or Athwartships - at right angles to
the fore and aft or centerline of a ship. Across, from side to side,
transverse, across the line of a vessel's course.
Aurora - a luminous phenomena caused by electrical
discharge in the upper atmosphere
Aurora Australis - an aurora in the southern
hemisphere
Aurora Borealis - an aurora in the northern
hemisphere
Auto Pilot - an electrical automated steering
mechanism used to steer a preset course based on the apparent wind.
These are expensive and very susceptible to breakdown, but most
handy when there is not enough wind to operate a windvane. Compare
to Windvane on this page
Auxiliary - 1. an engine used when there is
no wind or for assistance in approaching a dock, etc. 2. a tender
carried on deck
Avast! - given as a command to stop, cease,
and desist the action currently being carried out (archaic term
used in movies)
Awash - setting so low in the water that the
water is constantly washing across the top surface
Aweigh - the position of the anchor just as
it clears the bottom when raising it
Awl - a pointed wooden or steel tool used to
poke holes in leather and for unlaying the ply of a rope for splicing
Compare to Marlinespike and Fid
Azimuth - the horizontal direction of a celestial
point from a terrestrial point
Azimuth Circle - a circular sighting device
that fits around the ship's compass for taking bearings of terrestrial
or celestial bodies
ATHWART :
ATHWARTSHIP : Reaching across a vessel,
from side to side.
AUXILIARIES : Various winches, pumps,
motors, engines, etc., required on a ship, as distinguished from
main propulsive machinery (boilers and engines on a steam installation).
AWNING : A roof like canopy of canvas
suspended above a vessel's decks, bridges, etc., for protection
against sun and weather.
BACK BAR : Used for the same purpose but
on the opposite side to a bosom bar.
BACK BOARD : A portable back support nicely designed and
fitted on the after side of the stern thwart in a small motor or
row boat.
BACK STAY : Stays which extend from all
mast levels, except the lower, to the ship's side at some distance
abaft the mast. They serve as additional supports to prevent the
masts going forward and also contribute to the lateral support,
thereby assisting the shrouds.
BAFFLE : A plate or structure placed in
the line of flow of fluids or gases to divert the flow in order
to obtain greater contact with heating or cooling surfaces.
BALANCED RUDDER : A rudder with
its axis between the forward and after edge.
BALK : A piece of timber from 4" to 10" square.
BALLAST : Any weight carried solely for
the purpose of making the vessel more seaworthy. Ballast may be
either portable or fixed, depending upon the condition of the ship.
Fixed or permanent ballast in the form of sand, concrete, lead,
scrap, or pig iron is usually fitted to overcome an inherent defect
in stability or trim due to faulty design or changed character of
service. Portable ballast, usually in the form of water pumped into
or out of the bottom, peak, or wing ballast tanks, is utilized to
overcome a temporary defect in stability or trim due to faulty loading,
damage, etc., and to submerge submarines.
BALLAST TANKS : Tanks provided in various
parts of a ship for introduction of water ballast when necessary
to add weight to produce a change in trim or in stability of the
ship, and for submerging submarines.
BALLAST WATER : Sea water, confined to
double bottom tanks, peak tanks, and other designated compartments,
for use in obtaining satisfactory draft, trim, or stability.
BALLASTED CONDITION : A condition of loading
in which it becomes necessary to fill all or part of the ballast
tanks in order to secure proper immersion, stability, and steering
qualities brought about by consumption of fuel, stores, and water
or lack of part or all of the designed cargo.
BALSA : A light wood; a South American
raft made of light wood.
BARGE : A craft of full body and heavy
construction designed for the carriage of cargo but having no machinery
for self-propulsion.
BATTEN : Long, thin, strips of wood, steel,
or plastic, usually of uniform rectangular section used in the drafting
room and mold loft to lay down the lines of a vessel, but sometimes
thinned down in the middle or at the ends to take sharp curves.
A strip of wood or steel used in securing tarpaulins in place. To
secure by means of battens, as to "batten down a hatch."
BATTENS, CARGO : A term applied to the
wood planks or steel shapes that are fitted to the inside of the
frames in a hold to keep the cargo away from the shell plating;
the strips of wood or steel used to prevent shifting of cargo.
BATTENS, SEAM : Wood seamstraps which
connect the edges of small boats having a single thickness of planking.
They give additional stiffness to the plank, are continuous, and
frames are notched out to fit over them.
BATTLE CRUISER : A naval vessel having
high speed, wide radius of action, guns of large size and range,
and moderate protection; often defined as a ship cruiser speed and
battleship armament, with full protection against cruisers and smaller
vessels and capable of operation in all weather.
BATTLESHIP : A naval vessel having a large
displacement, good speed, large radius of action, maximum armament,
maximum protection against gun fire, bombs, and torpedoes, ability
to keep at sea in all weathers and to bear the brunt of sea fighting
as a line-of-battle ship.
BEAM : The extreme width of a ship. Also
an athwartship or longitudinal member of the ship's structure supporting
the deck.
BEAM KNEE : A bracket between a frame
or stiffener and the end of a beam; a beam arm.
BEAM LINE : A line showing the points
of intersection between the top edge of the beam and the molded
frame line, also called "molded deck line".
BEAM, TRANSOM : A strong deck beam situated
in the after end of the vessel connected at each end to the transom
frame. The cant beams which support the deck plating in the overhang
of the stern are attached to and radiate from it.
BEAM, PLATE ANGLE : A beam made from a
flat plate, with the flange bent at right angles as by an angle-bending
machine.
BEARDING LINE : A term applied to the
intersection of the molded line of planking or plating and the stem,
stern post, and keel, usually in connection with wood shipbuilding.
BEARER : A term applied to foundations, particularly those
having vertical web plates as principal members. The vertical web
plates of foundations are also called bearers.
BEARING : A block on or in which a journal rotates; a bearing-block.
BELL : In pipe fitting, the recessed or enlarged female end
of a pipe into which the male end of the next pipe fits. In plumbing,
the expanded female portion of a wiped joint.
BELL MOUTHED : A term used to signify the open end of vessel
or pipe when it expands or spreads out with an increasing diameter,
thus resembling a bell--also called trumpet mouthed.
BELOW : Underneath the surf the water. Underneath a deck
or decks.
BENDING ROLLS : A large machine used to give curvature to
plates by passage in contact with three rolls.
BENDING SLAB : Heavy cast-iron blocks with square or round
holes for "dogging down," arranged to form a large solid
floor on which frames and structural members are bent and formed.
BERTH : A term applied to a bed or a place to sleep. Berths,
as a rule, are permanently built into the structure of the staterooms
or compartments. They are constructed singly and also in tiers of
two or three, one above the other. When single, drawers for stowing
clothing are often built in underneath. Tiers of berths constructed
of pipe are commonly installed in the crew space. Also, a place
for a ship.
BETWEEN DECKS : The space between any two, not necessarily
adjacent, decks. Frequently expressed as "Tween Decks."
BEVEL : A term for a plane having any other angle than 90
degrees to a given reference plane. Also, a small tool similar to
a try square except that the blade is adjustable to taking bevels.
BEVEL, CLOSED : A term applied where one flange of a bar
is bent to form an acute angle with the other flange.
BEVEL, OPEN : A term applied where one flange of a bar is
bent to form an obtuse angle with the other flange. Frame bars in
the bow and the stern of a vessel are give an open bevel to permit
access for riveting to shell and to keep the standing flange parallel
to the deck beams.
BIBB : A cock or valve with a bent outlet; strictly, the
bent outlet.
BIGHT : A loop or bend in a rope; strictly, any part between
the two ends may be termed the bight.
BILGE : The rounded portion of a vessel's shell which connects
the bottom with side. To open a vessel's lower body to the sea.
BILGE PLATES : The curved shell plates that fit the bilge.
BILGES : The lowest portion of a ship inside the hull, considering
the inner bottom where fitted as the bottom hull limit.
BILL BOARD : An inclined platform, fitted at the intersection
of the forward weather deck and the shell, for stowing an anchor.
It may be fitted with a tripping device for dropping the anchor
overboard. Seldom fitted since the stockless anchor has come into
general use.
BINNACLE : A stand or case for housing
a compass so that it may be conveniently consulted. Binnacles differ
in shape and size according to where used and the size of the compass
to be accommodated. A binnacle for a ship's navigating compass consists
essentially of a pedestal at whose upper end is a bowl-shaped receptacle
having a sliding hoodlike cover. This receptacle accommodates the
gimbals supporting the compass. Compensating binnacles are provided
with brackets or arms on either side, starboard and port, for supporting
and securing the iron cylinders or spheres used to counteract the
quadrantal deviation due to the earth's magnetization of the vessel.
This type of binnacle is usually placed immediately in front of
the steering wheel, having its vertical axis in the vertical plane
of the fore-and-aft centerline of the vessel.
BITTER END : The inboard end of a vessel's anchor chain which
is made fast in the chain locker.
BITTS : A terms applied to short metal or wood columns extending
up from a base plate secured to a deck or bulwark rail or placed
on a pier and to timbers extended up through and a short distance
above a deck for the purpose of securing and belaying ropes, hawsers,
cables, etc. Also called bollards.
BITUMASTIC : A black tarlike composition largely of bitumen
or asphalt and containing such other ingredients as rosin, portland
cement, slaked lime, petroleum, etc. It is used as a protective
coating in ballast and trimming tanks, chain lockers, shaft alleys,
etc.
BLEEDER : A small cock, valve, or plug to drain off small
quantities of fluids from a container or system.
BLIND PULLEY : A circular block of hard wood with rounded
edges perforated by several holes having grooves running from them
to one side of the block. One of these blocks is secured to an end
of a part of the standing rigging, as a shroud, and another to the
chain plate or to some part of the ship and the two are connected
to one another by a lashing passing through the holes. Commonly
called "dead eyes".
BLINKER LIGHTS : Two electric lanterns secured at the ends
of the signal yard and operated by controllers and a telegraph key
for use in night signaling by code.
BLOCK : The name given to a pulley or
sheave, or a system of pulleys or sheaves, mounted in a frame or
shell and used for moving objects by means of ropes run over the
pulleys or sheaves. The prefixes, single, double, triple, etc.,
indicate the number of pulleys or sheaves in the block. The five
principal parts of a block are (a) the shell, or outside frame,
(b) the sheave, on which the rope runs, (c) the pin, on which the
sheave turns, (d) the strap, by which the hook is held in position
and which provides bearing for the pin, and (e) the hook, which
may be open, sister, or shackle and fixed or swivel. The opening
between the top of the sheave and the shell is called the swallow,
that between the bottom of the sheave and the shell is called the
breech, and the device attached to the bottom of the block opposite
the hook for securing the standing part of the fall to the block
is called the becket.
BLOCK, CHEEK : A half shell block with
a single sheave bolted to a mast or other object which serves as
the other half shell or cheek. Usually used in connection with halyards.
BLOCK, FIDDLE : A block having two sheaves
of different diameters placed in the same plane one above the other.
BLOCK, SNATCH : A single sheave block
having one side of the frame hinged so that it can be opened to
allow the bight of a rope to be placed on the sheave, thus avoiding
the necessity of threading the end of the rope through the swallow
of the block. Usually employed as a fair lead around obstructions.
BLOWER : A mechanical device used to supply
air under low pressure for artificial ventilation and forced draft,
usually of the centrifugal type.
BOARDING : The act of going on board a
ship.
BOBSTAYS : The chains or ropes attached
underneath the outer end of the bowsprit and led aft to the stem
to prevent the bowsprit from jumping up. Where two are fitted they
are called the inner and the cap bobstays; when three are fitted
they are called the inner, the middle, and the cap bobstays.
BODY PLAN : A plan consisting of two half
transverse elevations or end views of a ship, both having a common
vertical center line, so that the right-hand side represents the
ship as seen from ahead, and the left-hand side as seen from astern.
On the body plan appear the forms of the various cross sections,
the curvature of the deck lines at the side, and the projections,
as straight lines of the water lines, the bow and buttock lines,
and the diagonal lines.
BOILER : Any vessel, container, or receptacle
that is capable of generating steam by the internal or external
application of heat. The two general classes are fire tube and water
tube.
BOILER CASING : Walls forming a trunk
leading from the boiler room to the boiler hatch, which protect
the different deck spaces from the heat of the boiler room, etc.
BOILER ROOM : A compartment in the hold,
in the middle or after section of a vessel, where the boilers are
placed.
BOLLARDS : See "bits".
BOLSTER PLATE : A piece of plate adjoining
the hawse hole, to prevent the chafing of the hawser against the
cheek of a ship's bow. A plate for support like a pillow or cushion.
A piece of timber used as a support. A temporary foundation.
BOLT : A metal rod used as a fastening.
With few exceptions, such as drift bolts, a head or shoulder is
made on one end and a screw thread to carry a nut is cut on the
other.
BOLTING UP : Securing by means of bolts
and nuts parts of a structure in proper position for permanent attachment
by riveting or welding. A workman employed on this work is called
a "bolter-up".
BONJEAN CURVES : Curves of areas of transverse
sections of a ship. The curves of the moments of these areas above
the base line are sometimes included.
BONNET : A cover used to guide and enclose
the tail end of a valve spindle.
BOOBY HATCH : An access hatch from a weather
deck protected by a hood from sea and weather. The hood is often
fitted with a sliding cover to facilitate access.
BOOM : A term applied to a spar used in
handling cargo, or to which the lower edge of a fore-and-aft sail
is attached.
BOOM TABLE : An outrigger attached to
a mast or a structure built up around a mast from the deck to support
the heel bearings of booms and to provide proper working clearances
when a number of booms are installed on or around one mast.
BOOT TOPPING : An outside area on a vessel's
hull from bow to stern between certain waterlines to which special
air, water, and grease-resisting paint is applied; also the paint
applied to such areas.
BORING BAR : A portable, heavy duty tool,
used for boring, counter boring, reboring, facing, grooving, etc.,
where true alignment is of primary importance.
BOSOM : The inside of an angle bar.
BOSOM BAR : An angle fitted inside another.
BOSOM PLATE : A plate bar or angle fitted
in the bosoms of two angle bars to connect the ends of the two angles
as if by a butt strap.
BOSS : The curved, swelling portion of
the ship's underwater hull around the propeller shaft.
BOSS PLATE : The plate that covers the boss.
BOTTOM : That portion of a vessel's shell between the keel
and the lower turn of the bilge.
BOTTOM, OUTER : A term applied to the
bottom shell plating in a double bottom ship.
BOTTOM PLATING : That part of the shell
plating which is below the water line. More specifically, the immersed
shell plating from bilge to bilge.
BOW : The forward end of the ship. The
sides of the vessel at and for some distance abaft the stem, designated
as the right-hand, or starboard bow, and the left-hand, or port
bow.
BOW LINES : Curves representing vertical
sections parallel to the central longitudinal vertical plane of
the bow end of a ship. Similar curves in the aft part of a hull
are called buttock lines. Also, a rope leading from the vessel's
bow to another vessel or to a wharf for the purpose of hauling her
ahead or for securing her.
BOWSPRIT : A spar projecting forward over
the bow for the purpose of holding the lower ends of the head sails.
BRACE : A rope attached to the yard arm,
used to alter the position of the yard arm in a horizontal plane.
The operation is known as trimming the sail.
BRACKET : A steel plate, commonly of triangular
shape with a reinforcing flange on its free edge, used to connect
two parts such as deck beam to frame, frame to margin plate, etc.;
also used to stiffen or tie beam angles to bulkheads, frames to
longitudinals, etc.
BRAILS : Ropes rove through blocks fastened
to a spar and attached to the leech of sail. The overhauling of
these ropes gathers the sail up against the spar.
BRAZING : The joining of certain metals
by the use of a hard solder.
BREADTH, EXTREME : The maximum breadth measured over plating
or planking, including beading or fenders.
BREADTH, MOLDED : The greatest breadth
of the vessel measured from heel of frame on one side to heel of
frame on other side.
BREADTH, REGISTERED : Measured amidships
at its greatest breadth to outside of plating.
BREAK OF FORECASTLE or POOP : The point at which the partial
decks known as the forecastle and poop are discontinued.
BREAKWATER : A term applied to plates
or timbers fitted on a forward weather deck to form a V-shaped shield
against water that is shipped over the bow.
BREAST HOOK : A triangular-shaped plate
fitted parallel to and between decks or side stringers in the bow
for the purpose of rigidly fastening together the peak frames, stem,
and outside plating; also used, in conjunction with the above duties,
to fasten the ends of side stringers firmly together.
BRIDGE : A high transverse platform, often
forming the top of a bridge house, extending from side to side of
the ship, and from which a good view of the weather deck may be
had. An enclosed spaced called the pilot house is erected on the
bridge in which are installed the navigating instruments, such as
the compass and binnacle, the control for the steering apparatus,
and the signals to the engine room. While the pilot house is generally
extended to include a chartroom and sometimes staterooms, a clear
passageway should be left around it. As the operation of the ship
is directed from the bridge or flying bridge above it, there should
also be a clear, open passage from one side of the vessel to the
other. The term is also applied to the narrow walkways, called connecting
bridges, which connect the bridge deck with the poop and forecastle
decks. This type of bridge is usually found on tankers and is desirable
whenever bulwarks are not fitted.
BRIDGE HOUSE : A term applied to an erection
or superstructure fitted about amidship on the upper deck of a ship.
BRIDGE, NAVIGATING, or FLYING : The uppermost
platform erected at the level of the top of the pilot house. It
generally consists of a narrow walkway supported by stanchions,
running from one side of the ship to the other and the space over
the top of the pilot house. A duplicate set of navigating instruments
and controls for the steering gear and engine room signals are installed
on the flying bridge so that the ship may be navigated in good weather
from this platform. Awnings erected on stanchions and weather cloths
fitted to the railing give protection against sun and wind.
BROKEN BACKED : Said of a vessel when,
owing to insufficient longitudinal strength, grounding, or other
accident, her sheer is reduced or lost, thereby producing a drooping
effect at both ends.
BROW : A gangplank, usually fitted with
rollers at the end resting on the wharf to allow for the movement
of the vessel with the tide. See watershed.
BUCKLE : A distortion, such as a bulge;
to become distorted; to bend out of its own plane.
BUCKLER : Generally, but not exclusively,
applied to various devices used to prevent water from entering turret
gun ports, hawse and chain pipes, etc.
BUCKLING : The departure of a plate, shape,
or stanchion from its designed plane or axis when subjected to load
or to strains introduced during fabrication, thereby reducing its
ability to carry loads.
BUILDING SLIP : An inclined launching
berth where the ship is built.
BULKHEAD : A term applied to any one of
the partition walls which subdivide the interior of a ship into
compartments or rooms. The various types of bulkheads are distinguished
by the addition of a word or words, explaining the location, use,
kind of material or method of fabrication, such as fore peak, longitudinal,
transverse, watertight, wire mesh, pilaster, etc. Bulkheads which
contribute to the strength and seaworthiness of a vessel are called
strength bulkheads, those which are essential to the watertight
subdivision are watertight or oiltight bulkheads, and gastight and
fumetight bulkheads serve to prevent gas or fumes from leaving or
entering certain parts of a vessel.
BULKHEAD, AFTER PEAK : A term applied
to the first transverse bulkhead forward of the stern post. This
bulkhead forms the forward boundary of the after-peak tank and should
be made watertight.
BULKHEAD, COLLISION : The foremost transverse
watertight bulkhead in a ship which extends from the bottom of the
hold to the freeboard deck. It is designed to keep water out of
the forward hold in case of collision damage. Usually, this is the
fore peak bulkhead at the after end of the fore peak tank.
BULKHEAD, JOINER : Wood or light metal
bulkhead serving to bound staterooms, offices, etc. and not contributing
to the ship's strength. Included under this head are corrugated
metal, pressed panel, pilaster, aluminum, stainless steel, etc.
BULKHEAD STIFFENER : Members attached
to the plating of a bulkhead for the purpose of holding it in a
plane when pressure is applied to one side. The stiffener is generally
vertical, but horizontal stiffeners are used and both are found
on same bulkheads. The most efficient stiffener is a T section;
flat bars, angles, channels, zees, H and I sections are commonly
used.
BULKHEAD, SWASH : A strongly built, nontight
bulkhead placed in oil or water tanks to slow down the motion of
the fluid set up by the motion of the ship.
BULKHEAD, WIRE MESH : A partition or enclosure
bulkhead, used largely in store rooms, shops, etc., made of wire
mesh panels.
BULLDOZER : A machine, usually hydraulic
or electric, for bending bars, shapes or plates while cold.
BULWARK : A term applied to the strake
of shell plating or the side planking above a weather deck. It helps
to keep the deck dry and also serves as a guard against losing deck
cargo or men overboard. Where bulwarks are fitted, it is customary
to provide openings in them which are called freeing ports, to allow
the water that breaks over to clear itself.
BULWARK STAY : A brace extending from
the deck to a point near the top of the bulwark, to keep it rigid.
BUMPED : A term applied to a plate which
has been pressed or otherwise formed to a concave or convex shape.
Used for heads of tanks, boilers, etc.
BUNK : A built-in berth or bed.
BUNKER : A compartment used for stowage of coal or oil fuel.
BUOYANCY : Ability to float; the supporting
effort exerted by a liquid (usually water) upon the surface of a
body, wholly or partially immersed in it.
BUOYANCY, RESERVE : The floating or buoyant
power of the unsubmerged portion of the hull of a vessel. Usually
referred to a specific condition of loading.
BURDEN : The carrying capacity of a vessel
expressed in long tons.
BURNERS : Men who operate gas torches
for burning plates and shapes to proper sizes for assembly into
the structure.
BURR : The rough, uneven edge of a sheared
or burned plate or around a punched or burned hole. Also a washer
shaped piece of metal through which the rivet is inserted and against
which the rivet point is riveted over.
BUTT : That end or edge of a plate or
timber where it comes squarely against another piece, or, the joint
thus formed. The long edge of a plate is called the edge and the
short edge is called the end.
BUTTOCK : The rounded-in overhanging part
on each side of the stern in front of the rudder, merging underneath
in the run.
BUTTOCK LINES : The curves shown by taking
vertical longitudinal sections of the after part of a ship's hull
parallel to the ship's keel. Similar curves in forward part of hull
are "bow lines".
BUTT STRAP : A term applied to a strip
of plate serving as a connecting strap between the butted ends of
the plating. The strap connections at the edges are called seam
straps.
CABIN : The interior of a deck house, usually the space set
aside for the use of officers and passengers.
CAISSON : A watertight structure used for raising sunken
vessels by means of compressed air. Also the floating gate to close
the entrance to a drydock.
CALIBER : The term applied to the inside diameter of a cylinder,
tube, or pipe. The length of a naval gun is frequently expressed
in terms of its caliber.
CALKING : The operation of jamming material into the contact
area to make a joint watertight or oiltight.
CAM : A projective part of a wheel or
other simple moving piece in a machine, shaped to give predetermined
variable motion in repeating cycles to another piece against which
it acts.
CAMBER, ROUND OF BEAM : The weather decks
of ships are rounded up or arched in an athwartship direction for
the purpose of draining any water that may fall on them to the sides
of the ship where it can be led overboard through scuppers. The
arching or rounding up is called the camber or round of the beam
and is expressed in inches in connection with the greatest molded
breadth of the ship in feet, thus, "the main deck has a camber
of 10 inches in 40 feet." It is measured at the center line
of the ship at the greatest molded breadth and is the distance from
the chord to the top of the arch.
CAMEL : A decked vessel having great stability
designed for use in lifting sunken vessels or structures. A submersible
float used for the same purpose by submerging, attaching, and pumping
out. See also caisson. A wooden float placed between a vessel and
a dock acting as a fender.
CANT : A term signifying an inclination
of an object from a perpendicular; to turn anything so that it does
not stand perpendicular or square to a given object.
CANT FRAME : A frame the plane of which is not square to
the keel.
CAPPING : The fore and aft finishing piece
on top of the clamp and sheer strake at the frame heads in an open
boat; called a covering board, margin plank, or plank sheer in a
decked-over boat.
CAPSTAN, STEAM : A vertical drum or barrel
operated by a steam engine and used for handling heavy anchor chains,
heavy hawsers, etc. The engine is usually nonreversing and transmits
its power to the capstan shaft through a worm wheel. The drum is
fitted with pawls to prevent overhauling under the strain of the
hawser or chain when the power is shut off. The engine may be disconnected
and the capstan operated by hand through the medium of capstan bars.
CARGO : Merchandise or goods accepted
for transportation by ship.
CARGO BOOM : A heavy boom used in loading cargo. See "boom".
CARGO HATCH : A large opening in the deck to permit loading
of cargo.
CARGO MAT : A mat, usually square and
made of manila rope, used to protect the deck covering while taking
stores, etc., on board.
CARGO NET : A square net, made in various
sizes of manila rope or chain, and used in connection with the ship's
hoisting appliances to load cargo, etc., aboard the vessel.
CARGO PORT : An opening, provided with
a watertight cover or door, in the side of a vessel of two or more
decks, through which cargo is received and discharged.
CARLINGS : Short beams forming a portion
of the framing about deck openings. Also called headers when they
support the ends of interrupted deck beams.
CASINGS, ENGINE and BOILER ROOMS : The
walls or partitions forming trunks above the engine and boiler spaces,
providing air and ventilation and enclosing the uptakes. They extend
somewhat above the weather deck, or superstructure deck if fitted,
and are of sufficient size to permit installation and removal of
engines and boilers. Doors are fitted at the several deck levels
to permit access to the gratings and ladders.
CAVIL : A heavy timber fastened to the
forward or after bitts about midway between the base and top to
form a cleat. The bitt so built.
CEILING : A term applied to the planking
with which the inside of a vessel is sheathed. Also applied to the
sheet metal or wood sheathing in quarters and storerooms.
CEILING, FLOOR : Planking fitted on top
of the floors or double bottom in the cargo holds.
CEILING, HOLD : Thick strakes of planking
fastened to the inside flanges or edges of the framing in the cargo
holds.
CENTER LINE : The middle line of the ship
from stem to stern as shown in any water line view.
CENTER OF BUOYANCY : The geometric center
of gravity of the immersed volume of the displacement or of the
displaced water, determined solely by the shape of the underwater
body of the ship. It is calculated for both the longitudinal location,
forward or aft of the middle perpendicular, and the vertical location
above the base line or below the designed waterline.
CENTER OF FLOTATION : The geometric center
of gravity of the water plane at which the vessel floats, forward
or aft of the middle perpendicular. It is that point about which
a vessel rotates longitudinally when actuated by an external force
without change in displacement.
CENTER OF GRAVITY : The point at which
the combined weight of all the individual items going to make up
the total weight of the vessel may be considered as concentrated;
generally located longitudinally forward or aft of the middle perpendicular
and vertically above bottom of keel or below a stated waterline.
CENTER OF LATERAL RESISTANCE : The point
through which a single force could act and produce an effort equal
to the lateral resistance of the vessel. It is ordinarily assumed
to coincident with the center of gravity of the immersed central
longitudinal planes.
CENTER OF PRESSURE : The point in a sail
or an immersed plane surface at which the resultant of the combined
pressure forces acts.
CENTRAL LATERAL PLANE : The immersed longitudinal
vertical middle plane of a vessel.
CHAFING GEAR: A guard of canvas or rope
put around spars, mooring lines, or rigging to prevent them from
wearing out by rubbing against something.
CHAFING PLATE : A plate fitted to take
the wear due to dragging moving gear or to protect ropes from wearing
where they rub on sharp edges. Also fitted on decks under anchor
chains.
CHAIN LOCKER : Compartment in forward
lower portion of ship in which anchor chain is stowed.
CHAIN LOCKER PIPE: CHAIN PIPE : The iron-bound
opening or section of pipe leading from the chain locker to the
deck, through which the chain cable passes.
CHAIN PLATE : A bar or plate secured to
the shell of a vessel to which the standing rigging is attached.
CHAINS : Usually refers to heavy chains attached
to the anchor. Also applied to the lower parts of standing rigging
which are attached to the chain plates.
CHAIN STOPPER : A device used to secure
the chain cable when riding at anchor, thereby relieving the strain
on the windlass and for securing an anchor in the housing position
in the hawse pipe. Stoppers differ widely in construction. For the
smaller cables they are of rope, usually hemp, with a stopper knot
or an iron toggle in the outer end and a lanyard for lashing to
the cable. For larger cables wire rope is used in lieu of hemp,
while for the largest cables the stoppers are of heavy chain fitted
with slip hooks and turnbuckles for adjusting and for equalizing
the strain when more than one stopper is attached to a cable. According
to its use a chain stopper is termed a "riding stopper"
or a "housing stopper". The inner end of the stopper is
attached to a deck pad by means of a shackle or lashing.
CHAMFER : A bevel surface formed by cutting
away the angle of two intersecting faces of a piece of material.
CHART HOUSE : A small room adjacent to
the bridge for charts and navigating instruments.
CHINE : The line formed by the intersection
of side and bottom in ships having straight or slightly curved frames.
CHINSING : The inserting of oakum or cotton
between the plank edges of boats to secure watertightness. Also
called calking.
CHIPPER : A workman who chips, cuts, or
trims the edges of plates, shapes, castings or forgings, using either
hand or pneumatic tools, in order to secure a good calking edge,
fit or finish.
CHOCK : A term applied to oval-shaped
castings, either open of closed on top, and fitted with or without
rollers, through which hawsers and lines are passed. Also applied
to blocks of wood used as connecting or reinforcing pieces, filling
pieces, and supports for life boats. Also applied to the brackets
fitted to boiler saddles to prevent fore and aft motion and to small
brackets on the webs of frames, beams and stiffeners to prevent
tipping of the member.
CLAMP : A metal fitting used to grip and
hold wire ropes. Two or more may be used to connect two ropes in
lieu of a short splice or in turning in an eye. Also a device, generally
operated by hand, for holding two or more pieces of material together,
usually called a "C" clamp. In small boats, the main longitudinal
strength member at the side and under the deck beams in decked-over
boats, and at the gunwale in open boats.
CLEATS : Pieces of wood or metal, of various
shapes according to their uses, usually having two projecting arms
or horns upon which to belay ropes. The term Cavil is sometimes
applied to a cleat of extra size and strength.
CLINCH : To spread or rivet the point
of a pin or bolt upon a plate or ring to prevent it from pulling
out; to turn the point of a nail back into the wood to give it greater
holding power.
CLINOMETER : An instrument used for indicating the angle
of roll or pitch of a vessel.
CLIP : A four- to six-inch angle bar welded
temporarily to floors, plates, webs, etc. It is used as a hold-fast
which, with the aid of a bolt, pulls objects up close in fitting.
Also, short lengths of bar, generally angle, used to attach and
connect the various members of the ship structure.
CLOSE BUTT : A riveted joint in which
the ends of the connected members are brought into metal-to-metal
contact by grinding and pulling tight by clips or other means before
the rivets are driven.
CLUB-FOOT : A fore foot in which displacement or volume is
placed near the keel and close to the forward perpendicular, resulting
in full water lines below water and fine lines at and near the designed
water line, the transverse sections being bulb-shaped. Also called
a bulb or bulbous bow.
COAMING, BULKHEAD : A term applied to the top and bottom
strakes of bulkheads, which are usually made thicker than the remainder
of the plating and which act as girder web plates in helping to
support the adjacent structure.
COAMING, HATCH : A frame bounding a hatch for the purpose
of stiffening the edges of the opening and forming the support for
the covers. In a steel ship it generally consists of a strake of
strong vertical plating completely bounding the edges of a deck
opening.
COAMING, HOUSE : A term applied to the narrow vertical plates
bounding the top and bottom of a deck house, made somewhat thicker
than the side plating and forming a frame for the base and top of
the house. Also applied to the heavy timbers which form the foundation
of a wood deck house.
COAMING, MANHOLE : The frame worked around a manhole to stiffen
the edges of the plating around the opening and to provide a support
for the cover.
COCK : A valve which is opened or closed by giving a disc
or a tapered plug a quarter turn. When a plug is used it is slotted
to correspond with the ports in the valve.
COCKPIT : A term used in connection with small boats to refer
to an uncovered, sunken place or pit, usually for the accommodation
of passengers.
COFFERDAMS : Void or empty spaces separating two or more
compartments for the purpose of insulation, or to prevent the liquid
contents of one compartment from entering another in the event of
the failure of the walls of one to retain their tightness.
COLLAR : A piece of plate or a shape fitted around an opening
for the passage of a continuous member through a deck, bulkhead,
or other structure to secure tightness against oil, water, air,
dust, etc.
COLLIER : A vessel designed for the carrying of coal, which
may or may not be fitted with special appliances for coal handling.
COLLISION MAT : A large mat used to close an aperture in
a vessel's side resulting from a collision.
COMPANION : The cover over a companionway.
COMPANIONWAY : A hatchway or opening in a deck provided with
a set of steps or ladders leading from one deck level to another
for the use of personnel.
COMPARTMENT : A subdivision of space or room in a ship.
COMPASS : The compass is the most important instrument of
navigation in use on board ship, the path of a ship through the
water depending on the efficient working and use of this instrument.
There are two types of navigational compasses, the magnetic, which
has long been in use, and the gyroscopic, which has been developed
within recent years. The former is actuated by the earth's magnetism,
the latter by that property of a rapidly rotating body by which,
when it is free to move in different directions, it tends to place
its axis parallel to the earth's axis, that is, north and south.
COMPASS, GYROSCOPIC : The gyroscopic compass may have one
or more gyroscopes. It is usually located as nearly at the rolling
axis of the ship as possible and in a protected place. The directive
force of a gyroscope, while 100 times more powerful than that of
the magnetic needle, is still further amplified by an auxiliary
electric motor sufficiently powerful to operate the compass card
in azimuth. Repeater compasses, installed wherever desired about
the ship, are operated by the master compass containing the gyroscopes
by a simple electric follow-up system. The gyroscopic compass is
not affected by magnetism from any source. It points to the true
north, not the magnetic pole, and hence required no calculations
for corrections. It is not affected by cargo or any type of magnetic
field which may surround it and it is not disturbed by jars. It
has become standard equipment in navies and is coming into more
general use on commercial vessels.
COMPASS, MAGNETIC : There are two kinds of magnetic compasses,
the Dry Card Compass and the Liquid Compass. The Dry Compass consists
essentially of a number of magnetic needles, suspended parallel
to each other, and fastened to the rim of a circular disc that has
a paper cover upon which are marked the points of the compass and
the degrees. This card rests upon a pivot centered in the compass
bowl, which in its turn is suspended by gimbals in the binnacle
or stand, the latter having means for lighting the card at night
and for adjustment of compass errors due to magnetism of the ship.
In the Liquid Compass, the bowl is filled with alcohol and water
or with oil. The needles are sealed in parallel tubes and form a
framework which connects the central boss with the outer rim, the
whole resting upon a pivot in the compass bowl. Upon the rim are
printed the points and degrees. The liquid compass is less susceptible
to vibration and shock. The "Standard Compass" on board
ship is a magnetic compass.
COMPASS, RADIO : This apparatus is used to determine the
direction from which a radio wave is sent and the location of the
sending station. It consists of a coil of wire wound around a frame
and mounted on a vertical shaft which can be rotated. The radio
wave is received by the operator, being loudest when the coil is
at right angles to the wave and ceasing when the coil is parallel
to the wave. Positions are determined by plotting the bearings to
two known sending stations. The apparatus is especially valuable
when a vessel is sufficiently close to the shore to contact two
sending stations.
COMPOSITE VESSEL : A vessel with a metal frame and a wooden
shell and decks.
CORDAGE : A comprehensive term for all ropes of whatever
size or kind on board a ship.
COTTER, KEY : A solid key or wedge used to secure a wheel
on a shaft or the like.
COTTER, SPRING : A round split pin used to lock a nut on
a bolt. The pin is passed through a hole in the bolt outside of
the nut and the ends of the pin opposite its head are forced apart
by a chisel or similar tool, thus preventing the cotter from slipping
out.
COUNTER : That part of a ship's stern which overhangs the
stern post, usually that part above the water line.
COUNTERSINK : A term applied to the operation of cutting
the sides of a drilled or punched hole into the shape of the frustrum
of a cone. Also applied to the tool with which countersinking is
done.
COUNTERSUNK HOLE : A hole tapered or beveled around its edge
to allow a rivet or bolt head or a rivet point to seat flush with
or below the surface of the riveted or bolted object.
COUNTERSUNK RIVET : A rivet driven flush on one or both sides.
COUPLING : A device for securing together the adjoining ends
of piping, shafting, etc., in such a manner as will permit disassembly
whenever necessary. Flanges connected by bolts and pipe unions are
probably the most common forms of couplings.
CRADLE : A support of wood or metal shaped to fit the object
which is stowed upon it.
CRADLE, BOAT : The heavy wood or metal supports for a ship's
boat, cut to fit the shape of the hull of the boat and usually faced
with leather, in which the boat is stowed.
CRADLE, LAUNCHING : The structure of wood, or wood and steel,
which is built up from the sliding ways, closely fitting the shell
plating, which supports the weight of the ship and distributes it
to the sliding ways when a ship is being launched. The extent of
the cradle and the number of sections into which it may be divided
depends on the weight and length of the ship.
CRADLE, MARINE RAILWAY : The carriage on which the ship rests
when being docked on a marine railway.
CRANE : A machine used for hoisting and moving pieces of
material or portions of structures or machines that are either too
heavy to be handled by hand or cannot be handled economically by
hand. Bridge, gantry, jib, locomotive, and special purpose cranes
are used in shipyards.
CRIBBING : Foundations of heavy blocks and timbers for supporting
a vessel during the period of construction.
CROSS-SPALL : A temporary horizontal timber brace to hold
a frame in position. Cross-spalls are replaced later by the deck
beams.
CROSS TREES : A term applied to athwartship pieces fitted
over the trees on a mast. They serve as a foundation for a platform
at the top of a mast or as a support for outriggers.
CROWN : Term sometimes used denoting the round-up or camber
of a deck. The crown of an anchor is located where the arms are
welded to the shank.
CROW'S NETS : A lookout station attached to or near the head
of a mast.
CRUISER : A high speed vessel designed to keep at sea for
extended periods and in which protection against gun fire is subordinated
to speed and long radius of action. Light cruisers and heavy cruisers
are so designated in accordance with the calibre of the guns carried.
Used largely for scouting and convoy work.
CRUTCH : A term applied to a support for a boom. Also applied
to the jaw of a boom or gaff.
CUDDY : A galley structure on deck; a small cabin.
CUTWATER : The forward edge of the stem at or near the water
line is called the cutwater.
DAGGER : A piece of timber that is fastened
to the poppets of the bilgeway and crosses them diagonally to keep
them together. Dagger applies to anything that stands in a diagonal
position in a fore and aft plane.
DAGGER PLANK : One of the planks which
unite the heads of the poppets or stepping-up pieces of the cradle
on which the vessel rests in launching.
DAVIT : A device used to lower and raise
ship's boats and sometimes for other purposes. The rotary, or most
common type, consists of a vertical pillar, generally circular in
section, with the upper portion bent in a fair curve and having
sufficient outreach to clear the side of the ship plus a clearance.
Each ship's boat has two davits, one near its bow and one near its
stern; they both rotate, lifting the boat, by means of blocks and
falls suspended from the overhanging end, from its stowage position
on deck and swinging it clear of the ship's side. This type of davit
is usually stepped in a socket attached to the side of the vessel
or on the deck next below the boat deck near the side and held in
place at the boat deck by a keeper or bearing.
DEAD EYE : See "Blind Pulley".
DEAD FLAT : The midship portion of a vessel
throughout the length of which a constant shape of cross section
is maintained.
DEADLIGHT : A applied to a port lid or
cover; a metal shutter fitted to protect the glass in a fixed or
port light. Often incorrectly applied to a fixed light in a deck,
bulkhead or shell.
DEAD RISE : The angle which the straight
portion of the bottom of the floor of the midship section makes
with the base line. It is expressed by the number of inches rise
above the base line in the half-beam of the vessel.
DEADWEIGHT : The difference between the
light displacement and the full load displacement of a vessel; the
total weight of cargo, fuel, water, stores, passengers, and crew
and their effects that a ship can carry when at her maximum allowable
draft.
DEADWEIGHT CARGO : The number of tons
remaining after deducting from the deadweight the weight of fuel,
water, stores, dunnage, and crew and their effects necessary for
use on a voyage. Also called "useful" or "paying
deadweight", "deadload", and "burden".
DEADWOOD : The reinforcing structure built
in between the keel and keelson in the after body of a ship or back
of the joint between the stem and the keel in the fore body.
DECK : A deck in a ship corresponds to
a floor in a building. It is the plating, planking, or covering
of any tier of beams above the inner bottom forming a floor, either
in the hull or superstructure of a ship. Decks are designated by
their location as upper deck, main deck, etc., and forward lower
deck, after superstructure deck, etc. The after portion of a weather
deck was formerly known as the quarter deck and on warships is allotted
to the use of the officers.
DECK BOLT : A special type of bolt used
to secure the planks of a wood deck to the frames or deck plating.
DECK, BULKHEAD : The uppermost continuous
deck to which all main transverse bulkheads are carried. This deck
should be watertight to prevent flooding adjacent compartments if
a compartment is bilged.
DECK, FREEBOARD : The deck to which the
classification societies require the vessel's freeboard to be measured.
Usually the upper strength deck.
DECK HEIGHTS : The vertical distance between
the molded lines of two adjacent decks.
DECK HOUSE : A term applied to a partial
superstructure that does not extend from side to side of a vessel
as do the bridge, poop, and forecastle.
DECK LINE : See "Beam line".
DECK MACHINERY : A term applied to capstans,
windlasses, winches, and miscellaneous machinery located on the
deck of a ship.
DECK PLANKS, or PLANKING : A term applied
to the wood sheathing or covering on a deck. Oregon pine, yellow
pine, and teak are most commonly used. The seams between the planks
should be thoroughly caulked.
DECK PLATING : A term applied to the steel
plating of a deck.
DECK STRINGER : The strip of deck plating
that runs along the outer edge of a deck.
DECK, TURTLE : A term applied to a weather
deck that is rounded over from the shell of the ship so that it
has a shape similar to the back of a turtle. Used on ships of the
whaleback type and on the forward weather deck of torpedo boats.
DEEP FLOORS : A term applied to the floors
at the ends of a ship which are deeper than the standard depth of
floor at amidships.
DEEP TANKS : Tanks extending from the
bottom or inner bottom of a vessel up to or higher than the lowest
deck. They are fitted with hatches so that they may be used for
cargo when the vessel is loaded in lieu of the ballast water carried
when the vessel is "light." They are placed at either
end or both ends of the machinery space as deemed necessary.
DEEP WATERLINE : The waterline at which
the vessel floats when carrying the maximum allowable load.
DEPTH MOLDED : The vertical distance from
the molded base line to the top of the uppermost strength deck beam
at side, measured at midlength of the vessel.
DERRICK : A device consisting of a kingpost,
boom with variable topping lift, and necessary rigging for hoisting
heavy weights, cargo, etc.
DESTROYER : A naval vessel of small displacement
and high speed, armed with light, rapid-fire guns and deck torpedo
tubes, used for convoy and scouting work and as a protection to
capital ships [originally "torpedo boat destroyer"]. Larger
vessels of this type are called destroyer leaders.
DIAGONAL LINE : A line cutting the body
plan diagonally from the frames to the middle line in the loft lay-out
and usually a mean normal to a group of frames of similar curvature,
representing a plane introduced for line fairing purposes.
DISHED PLATES : Plates, generally of circular
shape, which have been furnaced or pressed into a concave form.
DISPLACEMENT : The volume of fluid displaced
by a freely floating and unrestrained vessel, the weight of which
exactly equals the weight of the vessel and everything on board
at the time the displacement is recorded. Displacement is expressed
in either cubic feet or in tons of salt or fresh water.
DISPLACEMENT CURVES : Curves drawn to
give the displacement of the vessel at varying drafts. Usually these
curves are drawn to show the displacement in either salt or fresh
water, or in both, the salt water curves being based on 35 cubic
feet to a ton and fresh water curves on 36 cubic feet to a ton.
Corrections are made from these basic standards for variable density
of the water.
DISPLACEMENT, DESIGNED : The displacement
of a vessel when floating at her designed draft.
DISPLACEMENT, FULL LOAD : The displacement
of a vessel when floating at her greatest allowable draft as established
by the classification societies. In warships, an arbitrary full
load condition is established.
DISPLACEMENT, LIGHT : The displacement
of the vessel complete with all items of outfit, equipment, and
machinery on board, but excluding all cargo, fuel, water, stores,
passengers, dunnage, and the crew and their effects. Naval and merchant
practice differs in one particular; in the former the machinery
weights are dry, while the merchant light condition includes the
water and oil in the machinery with boilers at steaming level.
DOCK : A basin for the reception of vessels.
Wet docks are utilized for the loading and unloading of ships. Dry
docks are utilized for the construction or repair of ships.
DOCKYARD : A shipyard or plant where ships
are constructed or repaired.
DOG : A short metal rod or bar fashioned
to form a clamp or clip and used for holding watertight doors, manholes,
or pieces of work in place.
DOG SHORES : Diagonal braces placed to
prevent the sliding ways from moving when the shores and keel blocks
are removed before launching. Dog shores are the last timbers to
be knocked away at a launching. Also called "daggers"
or "dagger shores".
DOLLY BAR : A heavy steel bar used to
hold against the heads of rivets while the points are being clinched
when the space is not sufficient to permit the use of a regular
holding-on tool.
DOLPHIN : A term applied to several piles
that are bound together, situated either at the corner of a pier
or out in the stream and used for docking and warping vessels. Also
applied to single piles and bollards on piers that are used in docking
and warping.
DONKEY ENGINE : A small gas, steam, or
electric auxiliary engine set on the deck and used for lifting,
etc.
DOOR, AIRTIGHT : A door so constructed
that when closed it will prevent the passage of air under a small
pressure. Used on air locks to boiler rooms under forced draft and
in similar locations.
DOOR FRAME : The frame surrounding a door
opening on which the door seats.
DOOR, JOINER : A light door fitted to
staterooms and quarters where air and watertightness is not required.
Made of wood, light metal, and metal-covered wood. Metal joiner
doors with pressed panels are extensively used.
DOOR, WATERTIGHT : A door so constructed
that, when closed, it will prevent water under pressure from passing
through. A common type consists of a steel plate, around the edges
of which a frame of angle bar is fitted, having a strip of rubber
attached to the reverse side of the flange that is fastened to the
door plate. The strip of rubber is compressed against the toe of
the flange of an angle-iron door frame by dogs or clamps.
DOOR, WEATHERTIGHT : A term applied to
outside doors on the upper decks which are designed to keep out
the rain and spray.
DOUBLE BOTTOM : A term applied to the
space between the inner and outer skins of a vessel called respectively
the "inner bottom" and "shell", usually extending
from bilge to bilge and for nearly the whole length of the vessel
fore and aft, and subdivided into water or oil tight compartments.
In some cases, and generally in warships, the inner bottom is carried
above the bilges to a deck at or near the waterline. Where more
than one inner skin is fitted, as is sometimes the case, the two
spaces are known as the "lower bottom tank" or "void"
and the "upper bottom tank". The outer skin is known as
the "shell", the skin next to it as the "lower inner
bottom", and the third skin as the "upper inner bottom".
DOUBLING PLATE : An extra plate secured
to the original plating for additional strength or to compensate
for an opening in the structure.
DOWEL : A pin of wood or metal inserted
in the edge or face of two boards or pieces to secure them together.
DRAFT, DRAUGHT : The depth of the vessel
below the waterline measured vertically to the lowest part of the
hull, propellers, or other reference point. When measured to the
lowest projecting portion of the vessel, it is called the "draft,
extreme"; when measured at the bow, it is called "draft,
forward"; and when measured at the stern, the "draft,
aft"; the average of the draft, forward, and the draft, aft
is the "draft, mean", and the mean draft when in full
load condition is the "draft load".
DRAFT MARKS : The numbers which are placed
on each side of a vessel near the bow and stern, and often also
amidships, to indicate the distance from the number to the bottom
of the keel or a fixed reference point. These numbers are six inches
high, are spaced twelve inches bottom to bottom vertically, and
are located as close to the bow and stern as possible.
DRAG : The designed excess of draft, aft,
over that forward, measured from the designer's waterline. The drag
is constant and should not be confused with trim.
DRIFT : When erecting the structure of
a ship and rivet holes in the pieces to be connected are not concentric,
the distance that they are out of line is called the drift. This
should be corrected by reaming the holes, but common practice, which
is prohibited in naval work, is to drive tapered pins, called "drift
pins", into the unfair holes to force them into line.
DRIFT PIN : A conical-shaped pin gradually
tapered from a blunt point to a diameter a little larger than the
rivet holes in which it is to be used. The point is inserted in
rivet holes that are not fair, and the other end is hammered until
the holes are forced into line.
DRY DOCK, FLOATING : A hollowing floating
structure of L- or U-shaped cross section, so designed that it may
be submerged to permit floating a vessel into it, and that it may
then raise the vessel and itself so that the deck of the dock and
consequently the bottom of the vessel is above the level of the
water. The bottom of a floating dry dock consists of one or more
pontoons or rectangular-shaped vessels with high wing structure
erected on one or both sides according to whether the section is
to be L- or U-shaped. The deck of the pontoon is fitted with stationary
keel blocks and movable bilge blocks which can be pulled under a
vessel from the top of the wing structure. Pumps are fitted in the
wings by which the dock can be quickly submerged or raised. Floating
dry docks are used for repairing and painting the under-water portions
of vessels and for docking a damaged vessel.
DRY DOCK, GRAVING : A basin excavated
at a waterway and connected thereto by gates or a caisson which
may be opened to let a vessel in or out and then closed and the
water pumped out. The dock is fitted with stationary keel blocks
and movable bilge blocks, which usually are fitted on rack tracks,
allowing them to be pulled under a vessel before the water is pumped
out. Graving docks are common in navy yards, and although more expensive
to construct than floating dry docks, they are practically permanent
and supply a more rigid foundation for supporting a ship. The gate
of a graving dry dock is usually a caisson which is a complete vessel
in itself, having a strong rectangular-shaped keel and end posts
which bear against the bottom sill and side ledges at the entrance
of the dry dock. The caisson is designed so that its draft may be
adjusted by water ballast until it bears against the sill and ledges
and is equipped with flood valves and power pumps to make this adjustment.
When a ship is to be docked, sluice valves in the caisson or in
the deck structure are opened until the water in the dock reaches
the same level as the water outside. The caisson is then floated
to one side, allowing a vessel to enter the dock. The caisson is
then floated back to close the entrance, completely separating the
basin from the waterway, and after the vessel is lined up over the
keel blocks the water is pumped out of the dry dock.
DRY DOCK, RAILWAY : A railway dock consists
of tracks built on an incline on a strong foundation and extending
from a distance in-shore sufficient to allow docking a vessel of
the maximum size for which the dock is built, to a distance underwater
sufficient to allow the same vessel to enter the cradle. The cradle
running on the tracks may be of wood or steel fitted with keel and
bilge blocks and sufficiently weighted to keep it on the track when
in the water. A hoisting engine with a winding drum or wild cat
is fitted at the in-shore end of the railway which operates the
cradle by a cable or chain. This type of dry dock is used for docking
small ships. It is commonly called a "marine railway".
DUCTILITY : That property of a material
which permits its being drawn out into a thread of wire.
DUNNAGE : Any material, such as blocks,
boards, paper, burlap, etc., necessary for the safe stowage of stores
and cargo; also used in reference to staging, etc., used by workmen
during building or repair operations.
DUPLICATING PIPE : A piece of tubing,
generally brass, used with paint to transfer rivet hole layout from
template to plate. The end of the pipe is dipped in paint, and while
still wet is pushed through each template hole, leaving an impression
on the plate. Also called a "marker".
DUTCHMAN : A piece of wood or steel fitted
into an opening to cover up poor joints or crevices caused by poor
workmanship.
ECCENTRIC : A form of crank in which a
circular disk set eccentrically upon a shaft forms both the crank
web and the crank pin and converts circular to rectilinear motion.
This rectilinear travel is usually short relative to the diameter
of the shaft so that an ordinary form of crank is impractical.
EDGE : An abrupt border or margin, a bounding or dividing
line, the part along the boundary.
EDGE, SIGHT : That edge of a strake of plating which laps
outside another strake and is, therefore, in plain sight.
ELASTIC LIMIT : The limit of stress intensity within which
a material will return to its original size and shape when the load
is removed and hence not take a permanent set.
ELBOW-ELL : A pipe fitting that makes an angle between adjacent
pipes, always 90 degrees unless another angle is stated.
ELECTRODE : Either a positive or negative pole or terminal
in an electric circuit. See "polarity".
ENGINE ROOM : Space where the main engines of a ship are
located.
ENTRANCE : The forward underwater portion of a vessel at
or near the bow. The angle formed between the center line of the
ship and the tangent to the designed waterline is called the angle
of entrance.
EQUILIBRIUM, NEUTRAL : The state of equilibrium in which
a vessel inclined from its original position of rest by an external
force tends to maintain the inclined position assumed after that
force has ceased to act.
EQUILIBRIUM, STABLE : The state of equilibrium in which a
vessel inclined from its original position of rest by an external
force tends to return to its original position after that force
has ceased to act.
EQUILIBRIUM, UNSTABLE : The state of equilibrium in which
a vessel inclined from its original position of rest by an external
force tends to depart farther from the inclined position assumed
after that force has ceased to act.
ERECTION : The process of hoisting into place and joining
the various parts of a ship's hull, machinery, etc.
EVAPORATOR : An auxiliary for supplying fresh water, consisting
of a salt water chamber heated by coils or nests of tubing through
which live steam is circulated, converting the water into steam
which is passed to a condenser or distiller to make up loss of boiler
feed water or for other purposes requiring fresh water.
EVEN KEEL : When a boat rides on an even keel, its plane
of flotation is either coincident with or parallel to the designed
waterline.
EXPANSION JOINT : A term applied to a joint which permits
linear movement to take up the expansion and contraction due to
changing temperature or ship movement.
EXPANSION TANKS : Overflow tanks used to provide for expansion,
overflow, and replenishment of oil in stowage or cargo tanks.
EXPANSION TRUNK : A trunk extending above a hold which is
intended for stowage of liquid cargo. The surface of the cargo liquid
is kept sufficiently high in the trunk to permit of expansion of
the liquid without danger of excessive strain on the hull or of
overflowing, and of contraction of the liquid without increase of
the free surface and its accompanying effect upon the stability
of the vessel.
EXTRA STRONG : The correct term or name applied to a certain
class of pipe which is heavier than standard pipe and not as heavy
as double extra strong pipe. Often, but less correctly, called extra
heavy pipe.
EYE : A hole through the head of a needle, pin, bolt, etc.
or a loop forming a hole or opening through which something is intended
to pass, such as a hook, pin, shaft, or rope. A "worked eye"
is one having its edges rounded off like a ring, while a "shackle
eye" is drilled straight through, permitting an inserted bolt
or pin to bear along its entire length.
EYE BOLT : A bolt having either a head looped to form a worked
eye or a solid head with a hole drilled through it forming a shackle
eye.
EYES : The forward end of the space below the upper deck
of a ship which lies next abaft the stem where the sides of the
ship approach very near to each other. The hawse pipes are usually
run down through the eyes of a ship.
FABRICATE : To shape, assemble, and secure
in place the component parts in order to form a complete whole.
To manufacture.
FACE PLATE : A flat plate fitted perpendicular
to the web and welded to the web plate, or welded or riveted to
the flange or flanges of a frame, beam stiffener, or girder to balance
the continuous plating attached to the opposite flange of the member.
FACTOR OF SAFETY : The ratio between either
the ultimate strength of the elastic limit of the material and the
allowed working stress. The former is usually referred to as the "nominal
factor of safety" and the latter as the "real factor of
safety". Elastic materials may have both nominal and real factors
of safety, while for those materials having approximately the same
values for ultimate strength and elastic limit, the distinction
between real and nominal factors of safety is nonexistent.
FAIR CURVES : Curves which do not in any
portions of their entire lengths show such changes of direction
as to mark those portions as out of harmony in any respect with
the curves as a whole or with the other portions of the curves.
FAIR or FAIR UP : To so draw the lines
of a vessel that the defined surfaces will show no irregularities
throughout their entire extent. To line up the frames of a vessel
under construction to their proper position. Rivet holes are said
to be fair when corresponding holes in the members joined are concentric.
FAIRLEADER : A fitting or device used
to preserve or to change the direction of a rope, chain, or wire
so that it will be delivered fairly or on a straight lead to a sheave
or drum without the introduction of extensive friction. Fairleaders,
or fairleads, are fixtures as distinguished from temporary block
rigs.
FAIRWATER : A term applied to plating
fitted to form a shape similar to a frustrum of a cone around the
ends of shaft tubes and strut barrels to prevent an abrupt change
in the streamlines. Also applied to any casting or plating fitted
to the hull of a vessel for the purpose of preserving a smooth flow
of water.
FAKE : To lay a rope or chain down in
long bights side by side or in coils in regular order so that it
will run out clear or can be easily and rapidly paid out. Also one
complete circle of a coil of rope.
FALL : By common usage, the entire length
of rope used in a tackle, although a strict adherence to the term
would limit its application to that end to which the power is applied.
The end secured to the block is called the standing part, the opposite
end, the hauling part.
FANTAIL : The overhanging stern section
of vessels which have round or elliptical after endings to uppermost
decks and which extend well abaft the after perpendicular.
FASCIA : A strip of wood used on covering
openings in joiner work.
FAST : A rope or chain used to moor a
vessel to a wharf, designated in accordance with the end of the
boat with which it is used as bow-fast or stern-fast. See "Painter".
FATHOM : A nautical unit of length used
in measuring cordage, chains, depths, etc. The length varies in
different countries, being six feet in the United States and in
Great Britain.
FELLOES : Pieces of wood which form the
rim of a wheel.
FENDER : The term applied to various devices
fastened to or hung over the sides of a vessel to prevent rubbing
or chafing against other vessels or piers. On small craft, as tug
boats, fenders of timber faced with hardwood or flat steel plate,
or of steel structure run fore and aft on the outside of the vessel
above the waterline and are firmly secured to the hull. Wood spars,
bundles of rope, woven cane, or rope-covered cork are hung over
the sides by lines when permanent fenders are not fitted.
FID : A wood or metal bar used to support
the weight of a topmast or a top-gallant mast when in position,
being passed through a hole or mortise at its heel and resting on
the trestle trees or other support. Also a hardwood tapering pin
or tool, used by sailmakers and riggers to open the strands of a
rope, eye, grommet, etc., A "hand fid" is rounded at the
ends, a "standing or cringle fid" is larger than a hand
fid and has a flat base.
FIDLEY : Framework built around a weather-deck
hatch through which the smoke pipe passes.
FIDLEY DECK : A partially raised deck
over the engine and boiler rooms, usually around the smokestack.
FIDLEY HATCH : Hatch around smokestack
and uptake.
FIFE RAIL; PIN RAIL : A term applied to
a rail worked around a mast and fitted with holes to take belaying
pins for securing the running gears.
FILLET : A term applied to the metal filling
in the bosom or concave corners where abrupt changes in direction
occur in the surface of a casting, forging, or weldment.
FIN : A projecting keel. A thin plane
of metal projecting from hull, etc.
FIRE CONTROL : Pertaining to the direction,
the control, and the firing of the vessel's batteries.
FITTINGS, PIPE : A term applied to the
connections and outlets, with the exception of valves and couplings,
that are attached to pipes.
FIXED LIGHT : A thick glass, usually circular
in shape, fitted in a frame fixed in an opening in a ship's side,
deck house, or bulkhead to provide access for light. The fixed light
is not hinged. Often incorrectly called a dead light.
FLAGSTAFF : Flag pole, usually at the
stern of a ship; carries the ensign.
FLAM : A term used to express the same
meaning as flare, but more properly used to denote the maximum curl
or roll given to the flare at the upper part, just below the weather
deck.
FLANGE : The turned edge of a plate or
girder which acts to resist bending. The turned edge of a plate
or shape for tying in intersecting structural members. A casting
or forging attached to or worked integral with a pipe to form a
disk, normal to the axis of an exterior to the pipe, for connecting
lengths of pipe.
FLARE : The spreading out from a central
vertical plane of the body of a ship with increasing rapidity as
the section rises from the water line to the rail. Also a night
distress signal.
FLAT : A small partial deck, built without
camber.
FLOATING POWER : The sum of the utilized
and the reserve buoyancy of a vessel, or the displacement of the
completely watertight portion of the vessel when fully submerged.
The utilized buoyancy is that buoyancy required to support the weight
of the vessel.
FLOODABLE LENGTH : The length of a vessel
which may be flooded without sinking her below her safety or margin
line. The value of the floodable length of a given vessel varies
from point to point throughout her length due to change in form.
Similarly at a given point it varies from time to time, depending
upon the condition of loading and the permeability of the cargo.
FLOOR : A plate used vertically in the
bottom of a ship running athwartship from bilge to bilge usually
on every frame to deepen it. In wood ships, the lowest frame timber
or the one crossing the keel is called the floor.
FLUKES : The palms or broad holding portions
at the arm extremities of an anchor, which penetrate the ground.
FLUX : A fusible material or gas used
to dissolve or prevent the formation of oxides, nitrides, or other
undesirable inclusions formed in welding and brazing.
FOOTINGS : Bottom boards of walking flats
attached to the inside of the frames of small boats where deep floors
are not fitted.
FORE : A term used in indicating portions
or that part of a ship at or adjacent to the bow. Also applied to
that portion and parts of the ship lying between the midship section
and stem; as, fore body, fore hold, and foremast.
FORE AND AFT : Lengthwise of a ship.
FORECASTLE : A short structure at the
forward end of a vessel formed by carrying up the ship's shell plating
a deck height above the level of her uppermost complete deck and
fitting a deck over the length of this structure. The name applied
to the crew's quarters on a merchant ship when they are in the fore
part of the vessel.
FOREFOOT : The lower end of a vessel's
stem which is stepped on the keel. That point in the forward end
of the keel about which the boat pivots in an endwise launching.
FOREHOOK : See "breast hook".
FORE PEAK : The extreme forward end of
the vessel below decks. The forward trimming tank.
FORGING : A mass of metal worked to a
special shape by hammering, bending, or pressing while hot.
FORK BEAM : A half beam to support a deck
here hatchways occur.
FORWARD : In the direction of the stem.
FORWARD PERPENDICULAR : A line perpendicular
to the base line and intersecting the forward side of the stem at
the designed waterline.
FOUL : A term applied to the underwater
portion of the outside of a vessel's shell when it is more or less
covered with sea growth or foreign matter. It has been found that
even an oily film over the vessel's bottom will retard the speed,
while sea growth will reduce a vessel's propulsive efficiency to
a large extent. Also, obstructed or impeded by an interference,
etc.
FOUND : To fit and bed firmly. Also, equipped.
FOUNDER : To sink as the result of entrance
of water.
FRAME : A term generally used to designate
one of the transverse ribs that make up the skeleton of a ship.
The frames act as stiffeners, holding the outside plating in shape
and maintaining the transverse form of the ship.
FRAME, BOSS : A frame that is bent to
fit around the boss in the way of a stern tube or shaft.
FRAME LINES : Molded lines of a vessel
as laid out on the mold loft floor for each frame, showing the form
and position of the frames.
FRAME SPACING : The fore-and-aft distances
between frames, heel to heel.
FREEBOARD : The vertical distance from
the waterline to the top of the weather deck at side.
FREEING PORTS : Holes in the lower portion
of a bulwark, which allow deck wash to drain off into the sea. Some
freeing ports have swinging gates which allow water to drain off
but which are automatically closed by sea-water pressure.
FURNACED PLATE : A plate that requires
heating in order to shape it as required.
FURRINGS : Strips of timber, metal, or
boards fastened to frames, joists, etc., in order to bring their
faces to the required shape or level, for attachment of sheathing,
ceiling, floor, etc.
FUTTOCKS : The pieces of timber of which
a frame in a wood ship is composed. Starting at the keel they are
called the first futtock, second futtock, third futtock, and so
on.
GAFF : A spar to which the top of a fore-and-aft
sail is attached. It is usually fitted with a jaw at the mast end
to clasp the mast.
GAGE, DRAFT : An installation comprising
a graduated glass tube, connected at the bottom end with the sea
and with the top end open to the air, on which the draft of the
vessel is shown by the level of water in the tube.
GALLEY : The space on a vessel in which
the food is prepared and cooked.
GALVANIZING : The process of coating one
metal with another, ordinarily applied to the coating of iron or
steel with zinc. The chief purpose of galvanizing is to prevent
corrosion.
GANGBOARD, GANGPLANK : A term applied
to boards or a movable platform used in transferring passengers
or cargo from a vessel to or from a dock.
GANGWAY : The term applied to a place
of exit from a vessel. Gangways are fitted in the sides of a vessel
in the shape of ports requiring means of closure or may be movable
portions of bulwarks or railing on the weather decks.
GANTLINE or GIRTLINE : A rope reeving
through a single block aloft and used for hoisting or lowering rigging,
drying clothing and hammocks, etc.
GARBOARD : The strakes of outside plating
next to the keel. These strakes act in conjunction with the keel
and are usually thicker than the other bottom strakes.
GASKETS : Packing materials, by which
air, water, oil, or steam tightness is secured in such places as
on doors, hatches, steam cylinders, manhole covers, or in valves,
between the flanges of pipes, etc. Such materials as rubber, canvas,
asbestos, paper, sheet lead and copper, soft iron, and commercial
products are extensively used.
GEAR : A comprehensive term in general
use on shipboard signifying the total of all implements, apparatus,
mechanism, machinery, etc., appertaining to and employed in the
performance of any given operation, as "cleaning gear," "steering
gear," "anchor gear," etc.
GEARING : A term applied to wheels provided
with teeth that mesh, engage, or gear with similar teeth on other
wheels in such manner that motion given one wheel will be imparted
to the other.
GIB : A metal fitting to hold a member
in place or press two members together, to afford a wearing or bearing
surface, or to provide a means of taking up wear.
GIMBALS : A device by which a ship's compass,
chronometer, etc., is suspended so as to remain in a constant horizontal
position irrespective of the rolling or pitching of the vessel.
It consists of two concentric brass hoops or rings whose diameters
are pivoted at right angles to each other on knife-edge bearings.
GIRDERS : On ships this term is used to
define a structural member which provides support for more closely
spaced members, such as beams, frames, stiffeners, etc., which are
at right angles to it and which either rest upon it or are attached
to its web. It may be longitudinal or transverse, continuous or
intercoastal, and is usually supported by bulkheads and stanchions.
The term is also used to designate the longitudinal members in the
double bottom.
GIRTH : The distance measured on any frame
line, from the intersection of the upper deck with the side, around
the body of the vessel to the corresponding point on the opposite
side.
GOOSENECK : A swivelling fitting on the
keel or mast end of a boom for connecting the boom to the mast.
Also called a Pacific iron.
GRAB, HAND : A metal bar fastened to a
bulkhead, house side, or elsewhere, to provide means of steadying
a person when the ship rolls or pitches.
GRAPNEL : An implement having from four
to six hooks or prongs, usually four, arranged in a circular manner
around one end of a shank having a ring at its other end. Used as
an anchor for small boats, for recovering small articles dropped
overboard, to hook on to lines, and for similar purposes. Also known
as a Grappling Hook.
GRATINGS : A structure of wood or metal
bars so arranged as to give a support or footing over an opening,
while still providing spaces between the members for the passage
of light and the circulation of air.
GRIPE : The sharp forward end of the dished
keel on which the stem is fixed. A curved piece of timber joining
the forward end of the keel and the lower end of the cutwater. A
lashing, chain, or the like, used to secure small boats in the chocks
and in sea position in the davits.
GROMMET : A wreath or ring of rope. Fibre,
usually soaked in red lead or some such substance, and used under
the heads and nuts of bolts to secure tightness. A worked eye in
canvas.
GROUND TACKLE: A general term for
all anchors, cables, ropes, etc., used in the operation of mooring
and unmooring a ship.
GROUNDWAYS : Timbers fixed to the ground
and extending fore and aft under the hull on each side of the keel,
to form a broad surface track on which the ship is end-launched. "Groundways"
for a side launching embody similar basic features.
GUDGEONS : Lugs cast or forged on the
stern post for the purpose of hanging and hinging the rudder. Each
is bored to form a bearing for a rudder pintle and is usually bushed
with lignum vitae or white bearing metal.
GUNWALE : A term applied to the line where
a weather deck stringer intersects the shell. The upper edge of
the side of an open boat.
GUNWALE BAR : A term applied to the bar
connecting a stringer plate on a weather deck to the sheer strake.
GUSSET PLATE : A bracket plate lying in
a horizontal, or nearly horizontal, plane. The term is often applied
to bracket plates.
GUTTER EDGE : A bar laid across a hatchway
to support the hatch cover.
GUYS : Wire or hemp ropes or chains to
support booms, davits, etc., laterally, employed in pairs. Guys
to booms that carry sails are also known as backropes.
GYPSY : A small auxiliary drum usually
fitted on one or both ends of a winch or windlass. The usual method
of hauling in or slacking off on ropes with the aid of a gypsy is
to take one or more turns with the bight of the rope around the
drum and to take in or pay out the slack of the free end.
HALF-BREADTH PLAN : A plan or top view
of one-half of a ship divided by the middle vertical plane. It shows
the waterlines, cross section lines, bow and buttock lines, and
diagonal lines of the ship's form projected on the horizontal base
plane of the ship.
HALF MODEL : A model of one-half of a
ship divided along the middle vertical plane.
HALYARDS : Light lines used in hoisting
signals, flags, etc. Also applied to the ropes used in hoisting
gaffs, sails, or yards.
HAMPER, TOP HAMPER : Articles of outfit,
especially spars, rigging, etc., above the deck, which, while ordinarily
indispensable, may become in certain emergencies both a source of
danger and an inconvenience.
HARD PATCH : A plate riveted over another
plate to cover a hole or break.
HARPINGS; HARPINS : The fore parts of
the wales of a vessel which encompass her bows and are fastened
to the stem, thickened to withstand plunging. The ribbands bent
around a vessel under construction to which the cant frames are
temporarily secured to hold them in their proper position.
HATCH, HATCHWAY : An opening in a deck
through which cargo may be handled, machinery or boilers installed
or removed, and access obtained to the decks and holds below. Hatch
is properly a cover to a hatchway but is often used as a synonym
for hatchway.
HATCH BAR : A term applied to flat bars
used for securing and locking hatch covers. A bar over the hatch
for rigging a tackle.
HATCH BATTENS : A term applied to flat
bars used to fasten and make tight the edges of the tarpaulins that
are placed over hatches. The batten and the edge of the tarpaulin
are wedged tightly in closely-spaced cleats.
HATCH BEAMS : A term applied to the portable
beams fitted to the coamings for the purpose of supporting the hatch
covers.
HATCH, BOOBY : An access hatchway leading
from the weather deck to the quarters. A small companion which is
readily removable in one piece. A wooden, hoodlike covering for
a hatchway, fitted with a sliding top.
HATCH CARRIER : The supports which are
attached to the inside of the coaming to take the ends of the hatch
beams.
HATCH CLEATS : A term applied to the clips
attached to the outside of the hatch coaming for the purpose of
holding the hatch battens and wedges which fasten the edges of the
tarpaulin covers.
HATCH COVERS or HATCHES : Covers for closing
the hatchway, in cargo ships usually made of wood planks in sections
that can be handled by the crew. In naval ship, steel hatch covers
are used. The wood cover is made tight against rain and the sea
by stretching one or more tarpaulins over them, secured at the edges
by the hatch battens.
HATCH RESTS : A term applied to the shelf
fitted inside and just below the top of the coaming for the purpose
of supporting the hatch covers.
HATCHWAY TRUNK : A term applied to the
space between a lower deck hatchway and the hatchway or hatchways
immediately above it when enclosed by a casing. A trunk may be either
watertight or nonwatertight.
HAWSE : The hawse hole; also the part
of a ship's bow in which the hawse holes for the anchor chains are
located.
HAWSE BAG : A conical-shaped canvas bag,
stuffed with sawdust, oakum, or similar material, and fitted with
a lanyard at apex and base, used for closing the hawse pipes around
the chain to prevent shipping water through the pipes; also called
a "jackass", "hawse plug", or "hawse block".
HAWSE BOLSTER : A timber or metal bossing
at the ends of a hawse pipe to ease the cable over the edges and
to take the wear.
HAWSE HOLE : A hole in the bow through
which a cable or chain passes.
HAWSE PIPES : Tubes leading the anchor
chain from the deck on which the windlass is located down and forward
through the vessel's bow plating.
HAWSER : A large rope or a cable used
in warping, towing, and mooring.
HEAD LEDGE : A term applied to the forward
or after end coaming of a hatch, more frequently used in connection
with wood coamings.
HEAD OF A SHIP : The fore end of a ship
which was formerly fitted up for the accommodation of the crew.
A term applied to a toilet on board of a ship. A ship is trimmed
by the head when drawing more water forward and less aft than contemplated
in her design.
HEAVE : To haul; to cast or hurl; as,
to heave the lead, to heave a line, The alternate rising and falling
of a vessel in a seaway.
HEAVING LINE : A small line thrown to
an approaching vessel, or a dock as a messenger.
HEEL: The convex intersecting point or
corner of the web and flange of a bar. The inclination of a ship
to one side, caused by wind or wave action or by shifting weights
on board.
HEEL PIECE, HEEL BAR : A bar that serves as a connecting
piece between two bars which butt end-to-end. The flange of the
heel bar is reversed from those of the bars it connects.
HELM : The term applied to the tiller, wheel, or steering
gear, and also the rudder.
HOG : A scrub broom for scraping a ship's
bottom under water.
HOG FRAME : A fore-and-aft frame, forming
a truss for the main frames of a vessel to prevent bending.
HOGGING : A term applied to the distortion
of a vessel's hull when her ends drop below their normal position
relative to her midship portion.
HOG SHEER : The sheer curve of the deck
on a vessel, constructed so that the middle is higher than the ends.
HOIST : To raise or elevate by manpower
or by the employment of mechanical appliances; any device employed
for lifting weights.
HOLD : The space or compartment between
the lowermost deck and the bottom of the ship, or top of the inner
bottom if one is fitted. The space below decks allotted for the
stowage of cargo.
HOLD BEAMS : Beams in a hold similar to
deck beams but having no decking or planking on them.
HOME : Close up; snugly in place; as,
to drive home a bolt.
HOOD : A shelter over a companionway,
scuttle, etc. It is generally built of canvas spread over an iron
frame. It may also be constructed of light metal plating.
HOODS : A term applied to those plates
placed at the extreme forward or after ends of a ship.
HOODING END : The endmost plate of a complete
strake. The hooding-ends fit into the stem or stern post.
HORNING : Setting the frames of a vessel
square to the keel after the proper inclination to the vertical
due to the declivity of the keel has been given.
HORSE TIMBER : The after longitudinal
strength member (often called counter timber) fastening the shaft
log or keel and the transom knee together. A small boat term.
HORSING : (In naval architecture). Calking
planking with oakum with a large maul or beetle and wedge-shaped
iron.
HOUSING : A term applied to an enclosure
partially or wholly worked around fittings or equipment. That portion
of the mast below the surface of the weather deck. Applied to topmasts,
that portion overlapping the mast below.
HULL : The framework of a vessel, together
with all decks, deck houses, and the inside and outside plating
or planking, but exclusive of masts, yards, rigging, and all outfit
or equipment.
INBOARD : Toward the center; within the vessel's shell and below
the weather decks.
INBOARD PROFILE : A plan representing
a longitudinal section through the center of the ship, showing deck
heights, transverse bulkheads, assignment of space, machinery, etc.,
located on the center plane or between the center and the shell
of the far side.
INITIAL STABILITY : The stability of a
vessel in the upright position or at small angles of inclination.
It is usually represented by the metacentric height.
INNER BOTTOM : A term applied to the inner
skin or tank top plating. The plating over the double bottom.
INTERCOSTAL : Occurring between ribs,
frames, etc., The term is broadly applied, where two members of
a ship intersect, to the one that is cut.
ISHERWOOD SYSTEM : A system of building
ships which employs close spaced, relatively light, longitudinal
main framing supported on widespread transverse members of comparatively
great strength instead of transverse main framing.
JACK LADDER : A ladder with wooden steps
and side ropes.
JACK ROD : A term applied to a pipe or
rod to which the edges of awnings or weather cloths are secured.
JACKSTAFF : Flagpole at the bow of a ship.
JACOB'S LADDER : A ladder having either
fiber or wire rope or chain sides with wood or metal rungs attached
at regular intervals. One end is usually fitted with sister hooks
or shackles for hooking on.
JOGGLED : A term applied where a plate
or bar is offset in the way of a lapped joint. The object of the
joggle is to permit a close fit of the attached member without the
use of liners under alternate strakes of plating.
JOINT, BUTT : A term applied where a connection
between two pieces of material is made by brining their ends or
edges together (no overlap) and by welding alone, or by welding,
riveting, or bolting each to a strip of strap that overlaps both
pieces.
JOINT, LAPPED : A term applied where a
connection between two pieces of material is made by overlapping
the end or edge of one over the end or edge of the other and by
fastening the same by bolts, rivets, or welding.
JOURNAL : That portion of a shaft or other
revolving member which transmits weight directly to and is in immediate
contact with the bearing in which it turns.
JURY : A term applied to temporary structures,
such as masts, rudders, etc. used in an emergency.
KEEL : A center-line strength member running
fore and aft along the bottom of a ship and often referred to as
the backbone. It is composed either of long bars or timbers scarfed
at their ends or by flat plates connected together by riveting or
welding.
KEEL, BILGE : A fin fitted on the bottom
of a ship at the turn of the bilge to reduce rolling. It commonly
consists of a plate running fore and aft and attached to the shell
plating by angle bars. It materially helps in steadying a ship and
does not add much to the resistance to propulsion when properly
located.
KEEL, BLOCKS : Heavy timber blocks piled
one above the other on which the keel of a vessel is supported when
being built, or when she is in a dry dock. They are placed under
the keel from bow to stern and a sufficient distance apart to allow
working between them.
KEEL, DOCKING : In dry docking, the weight
of a ship is carried almost entirely on the keel and bilge blocks.
The keel and keelson provide the means of distributing the pressure
on the center line, and docking keels composed of doubling strips
of plate or a heavier plate or built-up girders are sometimes fitted
on the bottom at a distance from the center line corresponding to
the best position for the bilge block. The docking keels are fitted
in the fore and aft direction, generally parallel or nearly so to
the keel.
KEELSON, VERTICAL CENTER : The lower middle-line
girder which, in conjunction with a flat plate keel on the bottom
and a rider plate on top, forms the principal fore-and-aft strength
member in the bottom of a ship. In addition to its importance as
a "backbone" or longitudinal strength member, it serves
to distribute and equalize the pressure on the transverse frames
and bottom of the ship when grounding or docking occurs. In steel
ships this keelson usually consists of a vertical plate with two
angles running along the top and two along the bottom. The girder,
however, may be made up of various combinations of plates and shapes.
This member should continue as far forward and aft as possible.
Usually called the Vertical Keel.
KENTLEDGE : Pig iron used either as temporary
or permanent ballast or as a weight for inclining a vessel.
KERF : The slit made by the cut of a saw.
Also the channel burned out by a cutting torch.
KING POST : A strong vertical post used
to support a derrick boom. See Samson Post.
KNEE : A block of wood having a natural
angular shape or one cut to a bracket shape and used to fasten and
strengthen the corners of deck openings and the intersections of
timbers, and to connect deck beams to the frames of wood vessels.
The term is also applied to the ends of steel deck beams that are
split, having one leg turned down and a piece of plate fitted between
the split portion, thus forming a bracket or knee.
KNOT : A unit of speed, equaling one nautical
mile (6,080.20 feet) an hour, as when a ship goes ten nautical miles
per hour, her speed is ten knots.
KNUCKLE : An abrupt change in direction
of the plating, frames, keel, deck, or other structure of a vessel.
LADDER : A framework consisting of two
parallel sides, connected by bars or steps which are spaced at intervals
suitable for ascending or descending. On shipboard the term ladder
is also applied to staircases and to other contrivances used in
ascending or descending to or from a higher or lower level.
LADDER, ACCOMMODATION : A staircase suspended
over the side of a vessel from a gangway to a point near the water
to provide easy access to the deck from a small boat alongside.
LADDER, COMPANION : A staircase fitted
as a means of access from a deck to the quarters.
LADDER, SEA : Rungs secured to the side
of a vessel to form a ladder from the weather deck to the water.
LAGGING : A term applied to the insulating
material that is fitted on the outside of boilers, piping, etc.
LANDING, LANDING EDGE : That portion of
the edge or end of a plate over which another plate laps. The covered-up
edge
LANYARD : The present use of this term
is generally limited to a piece of rope or line having one end free
and the other attached to any object for the purpose of either near
or remote control.
LAP : A term applied to the distance that
one piece of material is laid over another; the amount of overlap,
as in a lapped joint.
LAPSTRAKE : A term applied to boats built
on the clinker system in which the strakes overlap each other. The
top strake always laps on the outside of the strake beneath.
LAUNCH : A term applied to a small power
or motor boat. See launching.
LAUNCHING : A term applied to the operation
of transferring a vessel from the building ways into the water.
End launching and side launching methods are employed; the former
method is used when the vessel is built at an angle, usually at
right angles, to the waterfront and the vessel is launched stern
first, while in side launching the vessel is built parallel to the
waterfront and launched sidewise. In preparing for an end launching,
usually groundways, made of heavy timbers are laid with an inclination
of about 1/2" and 5/8" to the foot parallel to the center
line of the ship one on either side of the keel, and spaced about
one-third of the beam of the vessel apart. These groundways run
the length of the vessel and for some distance out under the water.
On top of the groundways are placed the sliding ways, also heavy
timbers, and between these two ways is placed a coating of launching
grease. The sliding ways are prevented from sliding on the greased
groundways by a trigger or similar device and dog or dagger shores.
Cradles are built up to fit the form of the vessel, and between
the sliding ways and the cradle, wedges are driven and the weight
of the ship thus transferred from the building blocks to the sliding
ways. After the building blocks and shores are removed, the trigger
is released and gravity causes the vessel to slide down the inclined
ways. In some cases hydraulic jacks are set at the upper end of
the groundways to exert pressure on the sliding ways to assist in
overcoming initial friction along the ways. A similar procedure
is followed in the case of side launchings, except that more than
two groundways are usually used, depending on the length of the
ship, and the inclination of the ways is steeper.
LAYING OFF : A term applied to the work
done by a loftsman in laying off the ship's lines to full size in
the mold loft and making templates therefrom. Also known as laying
down.
LAYING OUT : Placing the necessary instructions
on plates and shapes for shearing, planing, punching, bending, flanging,
beveling, rolling, etc., from templates made in the mold loft or
taken from the ship.
LEADING EDGE : That edge of a propeller
blade which cuts the water when the screw is revolving in the ahead
direction. That edge of a rudder, diving plane, or strut arm which
faces toward the bow of the ship.
LENGTH BETWEEN PERPENDICULARS : The length
of a ship measured from the forward side of the stem to the aft
side of the stern post at the height of the designed water line.
In naval practice, the total length on the designed water line.
LENGTH OVER ALL : The length of a ship
measured from the foremost point of the stem to the aftermost part
of the stern.
LIFT A TEMPLATE : To construct a template
to the same size and shape as the part of the ship involved, from
either the mold loft lines or from the ship itself, from which laying
out of material for fabrication may be performed.
LIFTING : Transferring marks and measurements
from a drawing, model, etc., to a plate or other object, by templates
or other means.
LIGHT, PORT : An opening in a ship's side,
provided with a glazed lid or cover.
LIGHTENING HOLE : A hole cut out of any
structural member, as in the web, where very little loss of strength
will occur. These holes reduce the weight and in many cases serve
as access holes. This condition is particularly true in floor plates
and longitudinals in double bottoms.
LIGHTER : A full-bodied, heavily-built
craft, usually not self-propelled, used in bringing merchandise
or cargo alongside or in transferring same from a vessel.
LIMBER CHAINS : Chains passing through
the limber holes of a vessel, by which they may be cleaned of dirt.
LIMBER HOLE : A hole or slot in a frame
or plate for the purpose of preventing water from collecting. Most
frequently found in floor plates just above the frames and near
the center line of the ship.
LINE : A general term for a rope of any
size used for various purposes: small cords such as long line, lead
line, or small stuff as marlin, ratline, houseline, etc.
LINER : A piece of metal used for the
purpose of filling up a space between a bar and a plate or between
two plates; a filler.
LINES : The plans of a ship that show
its form. From the lines drawn full size on the mold loft floor
are made templates for the various parts of the hull.
LIST : The deviation of a vessel from
the upright position due to bilging, shifting of cargo, or other
cause.
LOAD LINE : The line on the "lines
plan" of a ship representing the intersection of the ship's
form with the plane of the water's surface when the vessel is floating
with her designed load on board. Also applied to the actual intersection
of the surface of the water with a vessel's side.
LOCK NUT : A thin nut which is turned
down over the regular nut on a bolt to lock the regular nut against
turning off. Also applied to a thin nut placed on a pipe to hold
packing at a joint or used on both sides of a bulkhead through which
a pipe passes to secure tightness.
LOCKER : A storage compartment on a ship.
LOFTSMAN : A man who lays off the ship's
lines to full size in the mold loft and makes templates therefrom.
LONGITUDINALS : A term applied to the
fore-and-aft girders in the bottom of a ship. These girders are
usually made up from plates and shapes and are sometimes intercostal
and sometimes continuous.
LOUVER : A small opening to permit the
passage of air for the purpose of ventilation, which may be partially
or completely closed by the operation of overlapping shutters.
MAGAZINE : Spaces or compartments devoted to the stowage
of ammunition. Often specifically applied to compartments for the
stowage of powder as a distinction from shell stowage spaces.
MAIN BODY : The hull proper, without the
deck houses, etc.
MAIN DECK : The principal deck of the
hull, usually the highest extending from stem to stern and providing
strength to the main hull.
MANGER : A term applied to the manger-like
space immediately forward of the manger plate which is fitted just
abaft the hawse pipes to prevent water entering through the pipes
from running aft over the deck.
MANHOLE : A round or oval hole cut in
decks, tanks, boilers, etc. for the purpose of providing access.
MANIFOLD : A casting or chest containing
several valves. Suction or discharge pipes from or to the various
compartment, tanks, and pumps are led to it, making it possible
for a pump to draw from or deliver to any one of several compartments.
MANTLET PLATE : A thin plate for
the protection of personnel, fitted over bolt or rivet heads to
act as a screen to prevent the heads flying about when the structure
is subjected to impact.
MARGIN PLANK : A plank forming the boundary
or margin of the deck planking.
MARGIN PLATE : The outer boundary of the
inner bottom, connecting it to the shell plating at the bilge.
MARINE RAILWAY : See drydock, railway.
MARLINE SPIKE : A pointed iron or steel
tool used to separate the strands in splicing rope, and as a lever
in marling or putting on seizings. The wire rope spike has a flat,
rounded end and the manila rope spike has a sharp point.
MARLIN : A double-threaded, left-handed
tarred cord, about 1/8" diameter, made of a good grade of American
hemp.
MAST : A long pole of steel or wood, usually
circular in section, one or more of which are usually located, in
an upright position, on the center line of a ship. Originally intended
for carrying sails, they are now used more as supports for the rigging,
cargo and boat-handling gear and wireless equipment.
MAST COLLAR : A piece of wood or a steel
shape formed into a ring and fitted around the mast hole in a deck.
MAST HOUNDS : The upper portion of the
mast at which the outrigger or trestle trees are fitted. Also applied
to that portion at which the hound band for attaching the shrouds
is fitted on masts without outrigger or trestle trees.
MAST PARTNERS : A term applied to wood
planking or steel plating worked around a mast hole to give side
support to the mast.
MAST STEP : A term applied to the foundation
on which a mast is erected.
MAST TABLE : See Boom Table.
MESSROOM : A space or compartment where
members of the crew eat their meals; a dining room. A dining room
in which officers eat their meals is called a wardroom messroom.
MIDDLE BODY:That portion of the ship adjacent
to the midship section. When it has a uniform cross section throughout,
its length its waterlines being parallel to the centreline, it is
called the parallel middle body.
MIDSHIP BEAM : A deck beam of the transverse
frame located at the midpoint between the forward and after perpendiculars.
Also applicable to the transverse dimension of the hull at the same
point.
MIDSHIP FRAME : The frame located at the
midpoint between the perpendiculars.
MIDSHIP SECTION : The vertical transverse
section located at the midpoint between the forward and after perpendiculars.
Usually this is the largest section of the ship in area. Also, applied
to a drawing showing the contour of the midship frame upon which
is depicted all the structural members at that point with information
as to their size and longitudinal extent.
MIDSHIPS : Same as Amidships.
MITRED : Cut to an angle of 45 degrees
or two pieces joined to make a right angle.
MOCK UP : To build up of wood or light
material to scale or full size a portion of the ship before actual
fabrication of the steel work. Used to study arrangement, methods
of fabrication, workability, etc.
MOLD : A pattern or template. Also a shape
of metal or wood over or in which an object may be hammered or pressed
to fit.
MOLDED LINE : A datum line from which
is determined the exact location of the various parts of a ship.
It may be horizontal and straight as the molded base line, or curved
as a molded deck line or a molded frame line. These lines are determined
in the design of a vessel and adhered to throughout the construction.
Molded lines are those laid down in the mold loft.
MOLDED EDGE : The edge of a ship's frame
which comes in contact with the skin, and is represented in the
drawings.
MOLD LOFT : A space used for laying down
the lines of a vessel to actual size and making templates therefrom
for laying out the structural work entering into the hull.
MOORING : A term applied to the operation
of anchoring a vessel in a harbor, securing her to a mooring buoy,
or to a wharf or dock by means of chains or ropes.
MOORING LINES : The chains or ropes used
to tie up a ship.
MOORING PIPE : An opening through which
mooring lines pass.
MORTISE : A hole cut in any material to
receive the end or tenon of another piece.
MOTORSHIP : A ship driven by some form
of internal combustion engine. Not generally applied to small boats
driven by gasoline engines which are usually called motorboats.
MULLION : The vertical bar dividing the
lights in a window.
MUSHROOM VENTILATOR : A ventilator whose
top is shaped like a mushroom and fitted with baffle plates so as
to permit the passage of air and prevent the entrance of rain or
spray. Located on or above a weather deck to furnish ventilation
to compartments below deck.
NAUTICAL MILE : See knot.
NIBBING PLANK : A margin plank that is
notched to take the ends of regular deck planks and insure good
calking of the joint.
NIGGERHEAD : A small auxiliary drum on
a winch. See Gypsy.
NIPPLE : A piece of pipe having an outside
thread at both ends for use in making pipe connections. Various
names are applied to different lengths, as close, short, long, etc.
NORMALIZE : To heat steel to a temperature
slightly above the critical point and then allow it to cool slowly
in air.
NORMAN PIN : A metal pin fitted in a towing
post or bitt for belaying the line.
NOSING : The part of a stair tread which
projects beyond the face of the riser.
OAKUM : A substance made from soft vegetable
fiber such as hemp and jute impregnated with pine tar. It is principally
used for calking the planking on wood decks of steel vessels and
for calking all the planking on wood ships where watertightness
is desired. It is also for calking around pipes.
OFFSETS : A term used by draftsmen and
loftsmen for the coordinates in ship curves. Also applied to joggles
in plates and shapes of structural shapes.
OGEE : A molding with a concave and convex
outline like an S.
OILTIGHT : Having the property of resisting
the passage of oil.
OLD MAN : A heavy bar of iron or steel
bent in the form of a Z used to hold a portable drill. One leg is
bolted or clamped to the work to be drilled and the drill head is
placed under the other leg which holds down the drill to its work.
ON BOARD : On or in a ship; aboard.
ON DECK : On the weather deck, in the
open air.
ORLOP DECK : The term formerly applied
to the lowest deck in a ship; now practically obsolete.
OUTBOARD : Away from the center toward
the outside; outside the hull.
OUTBOARD PROFILE : A plan showing the
longitudinal exterior of the starboard side of a vessel, together
with all deck erections, stacks, masts, yards, rigging, rails, etc.
OVERBOARD : Outside, over the side of
a ship into the water.
OVERHANG : That portion of a vessel's
bow or stern which projects beyond a perpendicular at the waterline.
OVERHAUL : To repair or put in proper
condition for operation; to overtake or close up the distance between
one ship and another ship moving in the same direction.
PACKING : A general term applied to a
yielding material employed to effect a tight joint, also called
gasket material.
PAD EYE : A fitting having one or more
eyes integral with a plate or base to provide ample means of securing
and to distribute the strain over a wide area. The eyes may be either "worked"
or "shackle." Also known as lug pads, hoisting pads, etc.
PAINTER : A length of rope secured at
the bow of a small boat for use in towing or for making it fast.
Called also a bow-fast.
PALM : The fluke, or more exactly, the
flat inner surface of the fluke of an anchor; a sailmaker's protector
for the hand, used when sewing canvas; a flat surface at the end
of a strut or stanchion for attachment to plating, beams, or other
structural member.
PANTING : The pulsation in and out of
the bow and stern plating as the ship alternately rises and plunges
deep into the water.
PANTING BEAMS : The transverse beams that
tie the panting frames together.
PANTING FRAMES : The frames in the fore
peak, usually extra heavy to withstand the panting action of the
shell plating.
PARAVANE : The paravane is a special type
of water kite which, when towed with wire rope from a fitting on
the forefoot of a vessel, operates to ride out from the ship's side
and deflect mines which are moored in the path of the vessel, and
to cut them adrift so that they will rise to the surface where they
may be seen and destroyed.
PARCELLING : Narrow strips of canvas which
are tarred and wound around ropes, following the lay and overlapping
in order to shed water. The parcelling is applied after worming,
preparatory to serving.
PARTNERS : Similar pieces of steel plate,
angles, or wood timbers used to strengthen and support the mast
where it passes through a deck, or placed between deck beams under
machinery bed plates for added support.
PAULIN : A term applied to a pliable canvas
hatch cover, and also to pieces of canvas used as a shelter for
workmen or as a cover for deck equipment.
PAWL : A term applied to a short piece
of metal so hinged as to engage in teeth or depressions of a revolving
mechanism for the purpose of preventing recoil. Fitted to capstans,
windlasses, etc. Also called Pall.
PAYING : The operation of filling the seams of a wood deck,
after the calking has been inserted, with pitch, marine glue, etc.
Also applied to the operation of slackening away on a rope or chain.
PEAK, FORE AND AFTER : The space at the
extreme bow or stern of a vessel below the decks.
PEAK TANK : Compartments at the extreme
fore and aft ends of the ship for any use either as void spaces
or as trimming tanks. When used for the latter purpose, water is
introduced to change the trim of the vessel.
PEEN : To round off or shape an object,
smoothing out burrs and rough edges.
PEEN : The lesser head of a hammer, and
is termed ball when it is spherical, cross when in the form of a
rounded edge ridge at right angles to the axis of the handle, and
straight when like a ridge in the plane of the handle.
PELICAN HOOK : A type of quick releasing
hook used at the lower end of shrouds, on boat grips, and in similar
work where fast work may be necessary.
PELORUS : A navigational instrument, similar
to a binnacle and mariner's compass, but without a magnetic needle,
used in taking bearings, especially when the object to be sighted
is not visible from the ship's compass. Also known as a Dumb Compass.
PERIOD OF ROLL : The time occupied in
performing one double oscillation or roll of a vessel as from port
to starboard and back to port.
PERISCOPE : An instrument used for observing
objects from a point below the object lens. It consists of a tube
fitted with an object lens at the top, an eye piece at the bottom
and a pair of prisms or mirrors which change the direction of the
line of sight. Mounted in such a manner that it may be rotated to
cover all or a part of the horizon or sky and fitted with a scale
graduated to permit of taking bearings, it is used by submarines
to take observations when submerged.
PILLAR : A vertical member or column giving
support to a deck. Also called a stanchion.
PILOT HOUSE : A house designed for navigational
purposes. It is usually located forward of the midship section and
so constructed as to command an unobstructed view in all directions
except directly aft along the center line of the vessel where the
smokestack usually interferes.
PIN, BELAYING : A small iron or tough
wood pin, made with a head, shoulder, and shank. It is fitted in
holes in a rail and is used in belaying or making fast the hauling
parts of light running gear, signal halyards, etc.
PINTLES : A term applied to the pins or
bolts which hinge the rudder to the gudgeons on the stern post.
PITCH : A term applied to the distance
a propeller will advance during one revolution, the distance between
the centers of the teeth of a gear wheel, the axial advance of one
convolution of the thread on a screw, the spacing of rivets, etc.
Also applied to pine tar, asphalt and coal pitch used in paying
seams of a deck.
PITCHING : The alternate rising and falling
motion of a vessel's bow in a nearly vertical plane as she meets
the crests and troughs of the waves.
PITTING : The localized corrosion of iron
and steel in spots, usually caused by irregularities in surface
finish, and resulting in small indentations or pits.
PIVOTING POINT : That point during the
progress of a launching at which the moment of buoyancy about the
fore poppet equals the moment of the vessel's weight. At this point
the stern begins to lift and the vessel pivots about the fore poppet.
PLAN : A drawing prepared for use in building
a ship.
PLANKING : Wood covering for decks, etc.
The shell of wood boats.
PLATFORM : A partial deck.
PLATING, SHELL : The plating forming the
outer skin of a vessel. In addition to constituting a watertight
envelope to the hull, it contributes largely to the strength of
the vessel.
PLIMSOLL MARK : A mark painted on the
sides of vessel designating the depth to which the vessel may, under
the maritime laws, be loaded in different bodies of water during
various seasons of the year.
POLARITY : The property possessed by electrified
bodies by which they exert forces in opposite directions. The current
in an electrical circuit passes from the positive to the negative
pole.
PONTOON : A scow-shaped boat used in connection
with engineering and military operations such as transporting men
and equipment, bridge construction, supports for temporary bridges,
salvage work, etc. Also applied to cylindrical air and watertight
tanks or floats used in salvage operations.
POOP : The structure or raised deck at
the after end of a vessel.
POPPETS : Those pieces of timber which
are fixed perpendicularly between the ship's bottom and the bilgeways
at the foremost and aftermost parts of the ship, to support it when
being launched. They are parts of the cradle.
PORT : The left-hand side of a ship when
looking from aft forward. Also an opening.
PORT, AIR : See air port.
PORT FLANGE : See watershed.
PORT GANGWAY : An opening in the side
plating, planking, or bulwark for the purpose of providing access
through which people may board or leave the ship or through which
cargo may be handled.
PORTHOLE : See air port.
PORT LID : See deadlight.
PROOF STRAIN : The test load applied to
anchors, chains, or other parts, fittings, or structure to demonstrate
proper design and construction and satisfactory material.
PROOF STRENGTH : The proof strength of
a material, part, or structure is the strength which it has been
proved by tests to possess.
PROPELLER : A propulsive device consisting
of a boss or hub carrying radial blades, from two to four in number.
The rear or driving faces of the blades form portions of an approximately
helical surface, the axis of which is the center line of the propeller
shaft.
PROPELLER ARCH : The arched section
of the stern frame above the propeller.
PROPELLER GUARD : A framework fitted somewhat
below the deck line on narrow, high-speed vessels with large screws
so designed as to overhang and thus protect, the tips of the propeller
blades.
PROPELLER THRUST : The effort delivered
by a propeller in pushing a vessel ahead.
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT : The stress within
which stresses and deformations are directly proportional. Within
this limit, on removing stress, there is no permanent set.
PROW : An archaic term for the bow of
a ship.
PUDDENING, PUDDING : Pads constructed
of old rope, canvas, oakum, etc., sometimes leather covered, in
any desired shape and size and used to prevent chafing of boats,
rigging, etc., on the stem of a boat to lessen the force of a shock.
PUNCH : A machine for punching holes in
plates and shapes.
PUNCH, PRICK : A small punch used to transfer
the holes from the template to the plate. Also called a "center
punch".
PUNT : A flat bottom boat with square
ends, used in painting and cleaning a vessel's sides when in port.
PURCHASE : Any mechanical advantage which
increases the power applied.
PYROTECHNICS : Flares, rockets, powder,
etc., used for giving signals or for illumination, more generally
used as distress signals.
QUADRANT : A reflecting hand navigational
instrument constructed on the same principle as the sextant but
measuring angles up to 90 degrees only. Also known as an octant.
One-fourth of the circumference of a circle. A fitting in the shape
of a sector of a circle secured to the rudder stock and through
which the steering leads turn the rudder. The rim is provided with
two grooves to take the steering chains or ropes and is of sufficient
length of arc so that the leads are tangential to the rim at all
rudder angles.
QUARTER : The upper part of a vessel's
sides near the stern; also portions of the vessel's sides about
midway between the stem and midlength and between midlength and
the stern. The part of a yard just outside the slings.
QUARTERMAN : An underforeman, a term generally
restricted to navy yards.
QUARTERS : Living spaces for passengers
or personnel. It includes staterooms, dining salons, mess rooms,
lounging places, passages connected with the foregoing, etc.; individual
stations for personnel for fire or boat drill, etc.
QUAY : An artificial wall or bank, usually
of stone, made toward the sea or at the side of a harbor or river
for convenience in loading and unloading vessels.
RABBET : A groove, depression, or offset
in a member into which the end or edge of another member is fitted,
generally so that the two surfaces are flush. A rabbet in the stem
or keel would take the ends or edges of the planking or shell plating.
RACKING : Deformation of the section of
a ship, generally applied to a transverse section, so that one set
of diagonals in the plane of action is shortened while those at
right angles thereto are lengthened.
RADIO ROOM : A room, usually sound-proofed,
used for sending and receiving radio messages.
RAFT, LIFE : A frame work fitted with
air chambers to support a number of people in case of accidents.
Carried on deck and light enough to be handled without mechanical
means.
RAIL : The upper edge of the bulwarks.
Also applied to the tiers of guard rods running between the top
rail and the deck where bulwarks are not fitted.
RAKE : A term applied to the fore and
aft inclination from the vertical of a mast, smokestack, stempost,
etc.
RALLY : The action of gangs of men uniting
in driving wedges between the cradle and the sliding ways preparatory
to launching or similar activities.
RANGE, GALLEY : The stove, situated in
the galley, which is used to cook the food. The heat may be generated
by coal, fuel oil, or electricity.
RAT GUARD : A dished, circular piece of
metal made in two parts and fitted closely on hawsers and lines
to prevent rats boarding or leaving a ship while at a dock or wharf.
The concave side is placed toward the shore to prevent boarding,
and the guard is reversed to prevent rats leaving the ship.
RATLINES : Short lengths of ratline stuff
secured to the shrouds parallel to the waterline and serving as
ladder rungs for the crew to ascend or descend.
REAMING : Enlarging a hole by the means
of revolving in it a cylindrical slightly tapered tool with cutting
edges running along its sides.
REDUCTION GEAR : An arrangement of shafts
and gears such that the number of revolutions of the output shaft
is less than of the input shaft--generally used between a motor
or a steam turbine shaft and the propeller shaft.
REEVING : The act of passing the end of
a rope or chain through an opening, as passing a rope through a
block.
REVERSE FRAME : An angle bar or other
shape riveted to the inner edge of a transverse frame to reinforce
it.
RIBBAND : A fore-and-after strip or heavy
batten used to support the transverse frames temporarily after erection.
RIBS : A term applied to the transverse
frames of a boat.
RIDE : To float in a buoyant manner
while being towed or lying at anchor.
RIDER PLATE : A continuous flat plate
attached to the top of a center line vertical keel in a horizontal
position. Its under side is attached to the floors, and when an
inner bottom is fitted, it forms the center strake.
RIGGING : A term used collectively for
all the ropes and chains employed to support the masts, yards, and
booms of a vessel, and to operate the movable parts of same.
RISE OF BOTTOM : See deadrise.
RISER : The upright board of a stair.
A pipe extending vertically and having side branches.
RISINGS : The fore and aft stringers inside
a small boat, secured to the frames, and on which the thwarts rest.
RIVET : A metal pin used for connecting
two or more pieces of material by inserting it into holes punched
or drilled in the pieces and upsetting one or both ends. The end
that bears a finished shape is called the head and the end upon
which some operation is performed after its insertion is called
the point. Small rivets are "driven cold," i.e., without
heating, and large ones are heated so that points may be formed
by hammering.
RIVETING : The art of fastening two pieces
of material together by means of rivets.
RIVETING, CHAIN : A term applied to an
arrangement of the rivets in adjoining rows where the center of
the rivets are opposite each other and on a line perpendicular to
the joint.
RIVETING, STAGGERED or ZIG-ZAG : A term
applied to an arrangement of the rivets in adjoining rows where
the rivets in alternate rows are one-half the pitch or spacing ahead
of those in the other rows.
RIVETS, LINE OF : A term applied to a
continuous line of rivets whose centers fall on a line perpendicular
to the joint.
RIVETS, ROW OF : A term applied to a continuous
row of rivets whose centers fall on a line parallel to the joint.
Joints made by one row of rivets are known as single-riveted joints;
by two rows, as double-riveted joints; by three rows, as treble-riveted
joints; by four rows, as quadruple-riveted joints; etc.
ROLL : Motion of the ship from side to
side, alternately raising and lowering each side of the deck. The
oscillating motion of a vessel from side to side due to ground swell,
heavy sea, or other causes.
ROLLING CHOCKS : Same as keel, bilge.
ROPE : The product resulting from twisting a fibrous material,
such as manila, hemp, flax, cotton, coir, etc., into yarns or threads
which in turn are twisted into strands and several of these are
laid up together. Fiber rope is designated as to size by its circumference.
Wire rope is made of iron, steel, or bronze wires, with and without
a fiber core or heart, twisted like yarns to form strands which
are laid up to form the rope. Wire rope is designated as to size
both by its diameter and by its circumference.
ROPE LAY : The direction in which a rope is twisted up.
ROPE, RIDGE : A rope running through the
eyes at the heads of the awning stanchions to which the edge of
an awning is hauled out and stopped. The term "center ridge
rope" is applied to the rope supporting the center of an awning.
ROPE WORMING : Filling in the contlines
of a rope with marline. The marline should run with the lay of the
rope.
ROSES : Perforated metal plates, fitted
over the outside of injection sea cocks to prevent entrance of foreign
substances to the ship's pumps and piping system.
ROWLOCK : A U-shaped fitting with a shank
or a socket which is attached to the gunwale of a boat and used
as a fulcrum for oars in rowing, sculling, or steering.
RUBBING STRIP : A plate riveted to the
bottom of the keel to afford protection in docking and grounding.
A strip fastened to the face of a fender or to the shell plating
where contact is likely to occur.
RUDDER : A device used in steering or
maneuvering a vessel. The most common type consists of a flat slab
of metal or wood, hinged at the forward end to the stern or rudder
post. When made of metal, it may be built up from plates, shapes,
and castings, with or without wood filling, or it may be a casting.
The rudder is attached to a vertical shaft called the rudder stock,
by which it is turned from side to side.
RUDDER, BALANCED : A rudder having the
leading edge of a whole or a part of its area forward of the center
line of the rudder stock, thus advancing the center of pressure
of the water on the rudder and reducing the torque.
RUDDER BANDS : The bands that are placed
on each side of a rudder to help brace it and tie it into the pintles.
RUDDER CHAINS : The chains whereby a rudder
is sometimes fastened to the stern. They are shackled to the rudder
by bolts just above the water line, and hang slack enough to permit
free motion of the rudder. They are used as a precaution against
losing a rudder at sea. These chains are also called "rudder
pendants".
RUDDER FRAME : A term applied to a vertical
main piece and the arms that project from it which form the frame
of the rudder. It may be a casting, a forging, or a weldment.
RUDDER PINTLES : See pintles.
RUDDER POST : See Stern post.
RUDDER STOCK : A vertical shaft having
a rudder attached to its lower end and having a yoke, quadrant,
or tiller fitted to its upper portion by which it may be turned.
RUDDER STOPS : Fittings attached to the
ship structure or to shoulders on the rudder post to limit the swing
of the rudder.
RUDDER TRUNK : A watertight casing fitted
around a rudder stock between the counter shell plating and a platform
or deck, usually fitted with a stuffing box at the upper end.
RUDDER, UNDERHUNG : A rudder that is not
hinged to or stepped on the stern post, but is supported entirely
by the rudder stock and the rudder stock bearings.
RUN : The underwater portion of a vessel
aft of the midship section or flat of the bottom. That portion of
the after hull that tapers to the stern post.
RUNNING RIGGING : Ropes which are hauled
upon at times in order to handle and adjust sails, yards, cargo,
etc., as distinguished from standing rigging which is fixed in place.
SAFETY TREADS : A special nonslipping
metal plate fitted to the deck at the foot of a ladder or stairway
and often fitted on the upper surface of the steps of ladders and
stairs. Steps made of safety treads are called safety steps.
SAGGING : The deformation or yielding
caused when the middle portion of a structure or ship settles or
sinks below its designed or accustomed position. The reverse of
hogging.
SAIL TRACKS : A device fitted on the after
side of a mast in which slides, secured to the forward edge of a
fore-and-aft sail, travel up and down the mast as the sail is hoisted
or lowered; used in lieu of mast hoops.
SAMSON POST : A strong vertical post that
supports cargo booms. See king posts.
SCANTLINGS : A term applied to the dimensions
of the frames, girders, plating, etc., that enter into a ship's
structure.
SCARF : An end connection made between
two pieces of material by tapering them so that they will fit together
in a joint of the same breadth and depth as the pieces.
SCREEN BULKHEAD :A light bulkhead used
as a shelter from an excess of heat, cold, or light, or to conceal
something from sight.
SCRIEVE BOARD : A large board made of
soft, clear, planed lumber, sometimes a section of the mold loft
floor, on which a full-sized body plan of a ship is drawn. The lines
were formerly cut in by the use of a scriving knife, which made
a small U-shaped groove, to prevent them from being obliterated.
Pencil lines have taken the place of cutting to a large extent.
It is used in making templates of frames, beams, floors, etc., and
in taking off dimensions. It is sanded smooth after it has served
its purpose.
SCUPPER PIPE : A pipe conducting the water
from a deck scupper to a position where it is discharged overboard.
SCUPPERS : Drains from decks to carry
off accumulations of rain water or sea water. The scuppers are placed
in the gutters or waterways on open decks and in corners of enclosed
decks, and connect to pipes leading overboard.
SCUTTLE : A small opening, usually circular
in shape and generally fitted in decks to provide access. Often
termed escape scuttles, and when fitted with means whereby the covers
can be removed quickly to permit exit, are called quick acting scuttles.
SCUTTLE BUTT : The designation for a container
of the supply of drinking water for the use of the crew.
SEA CHEST : An arrangement for supplying
sea water to condensers and pumps, and for discharging waste water
from the ship to the sea. It is a cast fitting or a built-up structure
located below the waterline of the vessel and having means for attachment
of the piping. Suction sea chests are fitted with strainers or gratings.
SEA COCK, SEA CONNECTION : A sea valve
secured to the plating of the vessel below the waterline for use
in flooding tanks, magazines, etc., to supply water to pumps, and
for similar purposes.
SEAM : A term applied to an edge joint.
SEAMSTRAP : A term applied to a strip
of plate serving as a connecting strap between the butted edges
of plating. Strap connections at the ends are called buttstraps.
SEARCHLIGHT : A powerful electric lamp
placed at the focus of a mirror, which projects the light in abeam
of parallel rays.
SET IRON : A bar of soft iron used on
the bending slab as a form to which to bend frames into the desired
shape.
SERVE : To wrap any small stuff tightly
around a rope which has been previously wormed and parcelled. Very
small ropes are not wormed.
SET, PERMANENT SET : The permanent deformation
resulting from the stressing of an elastic material beyond its elastic
limit.
SETSCREW : A machine screw with either
a slotted or a square head used to hold a part in place.
SET UP : To tighten the nut on a bolt
or stud; to bring the shrouds of a mast to a uniform and proper
tension by adjusting the rigging screws or the lanyards through
the dead eyes.
SHACKLE BOLT : A pin or bolt that passes
through both eyes of a shackle and completes the link. The bolt
may be secured by a pin through each end, or a pin through one end
and through the eye, or by having one end and one eye threaded or
one end headed and a pin through the other.
SHAFT, SHAFTING : The cylindrical forging,
solid or tubular, used for transmission of rotary motion from the
source of power, the engine, to the propellers.
SHAFT ANGLE : The angle between the center
line of the shaft and the center line of the ship is the horizontal
angle and the angle between the center line of the shaft and either
the base line or the designed waterline is the vertical angle.
SHAFT ALLEY : A watertight passage, housing
the propeller shafting from the engine room to the bulkhead at which
the stern tube commences. It provides access to the shafting and
its bearings and also prevents any damage to the same from the cargo
in the spaces through which it passes.
SHAFT COUPLING : The means of joining
together two sections of a shaft, usually by means of bolts through
flanges on the ends of the sections of the shafts.
SHAFT PIPE : See Stern Tube.
SHAFT STRUT : A term applied to a bracket
supporting the outboard after end of the propeller shaft and the
propeller in twin or multiple-screwed vessels having propeller shafts
fitted off the center line. It usually consists of a hub or boss,
fitted with a bushing, to form a bearing for the shaft, and two
streamlined arms connecting it to the side of the ship. The inboard
ends of the arms are fitted with palms for attachment to the shell
or to interior framing.
SHAKES : Splits or checks in timbers which
usually cause a separation of the wood between annular rings. A
ring shake is an opening between annular rings; a through shake
is an opening which extends between two faces of a timber.
SHAPE : A bar of constant cross section
such as a channel, T-bar, angle bar, etc., either rolled or extruded.
SHAPING : Cutting, bending, and forming
a structural member.
SHEARS : Large machines for cutting plates
or shapes.
SHEAR LEGS : A rig for handling heavy
weights, consisting of an A-frame of timber or steel with the top
overhanging the base, having the lower ends fixed or pivoted and
the top ends held either by fixed stays or by topping lifts which
permit change of slope of the legs. Tackles are secured at the top
of the frame through which the hoisting rope or cable is run. Sometimes
called sheers.
SHEATHING : A term applied to the wood
planking fitted over a steel deck, to the planking fitted over the
underwater portion of a steel hull, and to the copper or alloy sheets
with which the bottom of a wood ship, or a steel ship sheathed with
wood, is covered.
SHEAVE : A wood or metal disk, having
a groove around its cylindrical surface to permit a rope or chain
to run over it without slipping off and a bushing for bearing on
the pin or bolt on which it revolves.
SHEAVE HOLES : A term applied to apertures
in masts, booms, and spars in which sheaves are installed.
SHEER : The longitudinal curve of a vessel's
rails, decks, etc. the usual reference being to the ship's side;
however, in the case of a deck having a camber, its center line
may also have a sheer. The amount by which the height of the weather
deck at the after or forward perpendicular exceeds that at its lowest
point.
SHEER PLAN : A side elevation of the ship's
form.
SHEER STRAKE : The topmost continuous
strake of the shell plating, usually made thicker than the side
plating below it.
SHELF : A wood ship term applied to the
fore and aft timber that is fastened to the frames to form a support
for the ends of the beams. See clamp.
SHELL EXPANSION : A plan showing the shapes,
sizes, and weights of all plates comprising the shell plating, and
details of the connections.
SHELL LANDINGS : Points marked on the
frames to show where the edges of the shell plates are to be located.
SHELTER DECK : A term applied to a deck
fitted from stem to stern on a relatively light superstructure.
SHIFT OF BUTTS : An arrangement of butts
in longitudinal or transverse structural members whereby the butts
of adjacent members are located a specified distance from one another,
measured in the line of the members.
SHIM : (In naval architecture). A piece
of wood or iron let into a slack place in a frame, plank, or plate
to fill out a fair surface or line. Also applied to thin layers
of metal or other material used to true up a bed plate or machine
or inserted in bearings to permit adjustment after wear of the bearing.
SHIPSHAPE : A nautical term used to signify
that the whole vessel, or the portion under discussion, is neat
in appearance and in good order.
SHOAL : A small of timber or plank placed
under the heel of a shore.
SHORES : Pieces of timber placed in a
vertical or inclined position to support some part of a ship, or
the ship itself, during construction or while in dry dock.
SHORE, SPUR or SIDE : A piece of timber
placed in a nearly horizontal position with one end against the
side of the ship and the other against the side of a dry dock or
dock to keep the vessel at a desired distance from the face of the
dock.
SHROUD : A principal member of the standing
rigging, consisting of hemp or wire ropes which extend from or near
a masthead to the vessel's side, or to the rim of a top, to afford
lateral support for the mast.
SICK BAY : A name applied to the space
on board a ship where members of the crew and passengers are given
medical service and includes the dispensary, operating room, wards,
etc.
SIDE PLATING : A term applied to the plating
above the bilge in the main body of a vessel. Also to the sides
of deck houses, or to the vertical sides of enclosed plated structures.
SIDING OF A FRAME : The fore and aft dimension
of a frame.
SISTER HOOK : A hook made in halves and
set on eyes facing each other in such a manner that it may be made
to function as a link.
SKEG : The extreme after part of the keel
of a vessel, the portion that supports the rudder post and stern
post.
SKIN : The term usually applied to the
outside planking or plating forming the watertight envelope over
the framework. It is also applied to the inner bottom plating when
it is called an inner skin.
SKYLIGHT : An erection built on a deck,
having glass lights in its top and fitted over an opening in the
deck for the purpose of admitting light and air to a compartment
below.
SLACK : The opposite of taut; not fully
extended as applied to a rope; to "slack away" means to
pay out a rope or cable by carefully releasing the tension while
still retaining control; to "slack off" means to ease
up, or lessen the degree of tautness.
SLEEPERS : Timbers placed upon the ground
or on top of piling to support the cribbing, keel, and bilge blocks.
SLEEVE : A casing, usually of brass, fitted
over line or other shafting for protection against wear or corrosion,
or as a bearing surface.
SLIDING WAYS : See launching.
SLING : A length of chain or rope employed
in handling weights with a crane or davit. The rods, chains, or
ropes attached near the bow and stern of a small boat into which
the davit or crane tackle is hooked. The chain or rope supporting
the yard at the masthead.
SLIP : The difference between the pitch
of a propeller, or the mean circumference of a paddle wheel, and
the advance of the ship through the water corresponding to one revolution.
An inclined launching berth. A space between two piers for berthing
a vessel.
SLIPWAY or BERTH : The space in
a shipyard where a foundation for launching ways and keel blocks
exists and which is occupied by a ship while under construction.
The term berth is more properly applied to the space a ship occupies
pier or at an anchorage.
SLUICE : An opening in the lower part
of a bulkhead fitted with a sliding watertight gate, or small door,
having an operating rod extending to the upper deck or decks. It
is used to permit liquid in one compartment to flow into the adjoining
compartment.
SLUSH : Grease, formerly obtained from
the meat boiled in the coppers, used for lubrication and for slushing
the spars after scraping them.
SMOKESTACK : A metal chimney or passage
through which the smoke and gases are led from the uptakes to the
open air.
SNUBBING : Drawing in the waterlines and
diagonals of a vessel abruptly at their ends. The checking of a
vessel's headway by means of an anchor and a short cable. The checking
of a line or cable from running out by taking a turn about a cleat,
bitts, or similar fitting.
SNY : To twist a plate into an uneven
warped shape on a mold.
SOFT PATCH : A temporary plate put on
over a break or hole and secured with tap bolts. It is made watertight
with a gasket such as canvas saturated in red lead.
SOLE PLATE : A plate fitted to the top
of a foundation to which the base of a machine is bolted. Also a
small plate fitted at the end of a stanchion.
SOUNDING PIPE : A vertical pipe in an
oil or water tank, used to guide a sounding device when measuring
the depth of liquid in the tank. Also called a Sounding Tube.
SOUNDNESS OF STEEL CASTINGS : Absence
in a casting of cavities or blow holes formed by air bubbles.
SPAN : The distance between any two similar
members, as the span of the frames. The length of a member between
its supports, as the span of a girder. A rope whose ends are both
made fast some distance apart, the bight having attached to it a
topping lift, tackle, etc. A line connecting two davit heads so
that when one davit is turned the other follows.
SPANNER : A form of open-head wrench for
use with special fittings whose character is such as to preclude
the use of the ordinary type of wrench.
SPAR : A term applied to a pole serving
as a mast, boom, gaff, yard, bowsprit, etc. Spars are made of both
steel and wood.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY : The ratio of the weight
of a given volume of any substance to the weight of an equal volume
of distilled water. Since the distilled water weighs approximately
62.4 pounds per cubic foot, any substance, a cubic foot of which
weighs less that this, has a specific gravity of less than one,
and will float on water. Any substance of greater weight per cubic
foot has a specific gravity of more than one and will sink. Specific
gravity of gases is based in a like manner on the weight of air.
SPECTACLE FRAME : A single casting containing
the bearings for and furnishing support for the ends of the propeller
shafts in a twin screw vessel. The shell plating is worked outboard
so as to enclose the shafts and is attached at the after end to
the spectacle frame. Used in place of shaft struts.
SPIKE : A stout metal pin headed on one
end and pointed at the other, made of either square or round bar,
and used for securing heavy planks and timbers together.
SPILING : The curve of a plate or strake
as it narrows to a point.
SPLICE : A method of uniting the ends
of two ropes by first unlayering the strands, then interweaving
them so as to form a continuous rope.
SPOT FACE : To finish off the surface
around a bolt hole in a plane normal to the axis of the hole to
provide a neat seat for the nut of washer.
SPRING : The deviation from a straight
line or the amount of curvature of a sheer line, deck line, beam
camber, etc., an elastic body or device which recovers its original
shape when released after being distorted.
SPROCKET, SPROCKET WHEEL : A wheel on
whose periphery are teeth or cogs designed to engage with the links
of a pitch or sprocket chain through which motion is transmitted
to a second sprocket.
SQUATTING : The increase in trim by the
stern assumed by a vessel when running at high speed over that existing
when she is at rest.
STABILITY : The tendency which a vessel
has to return to the upright position after the removal of an external
force which inclined her away from that position. To have stability,
a vessel must be in a state of stable equilibrium.
STABILITY, RANGE OF : The number of degrees
through which a vessel rolls or lists before losing stability.
STAGE : A floor or platform of planks
supporting workmen during the construction or the cleaning and painting
of a vessel, located either inside or outside the vessel.
STAGING : Upright supports, fastened together
with horizontal and diagonal braces forming supports for planks
which form a working platform or stage.
STAGGER : To zigzag rivet holes in adjacent rows.
STANCHIONS : Short columns or supports
for decks, hand rails, etc. Stanchions are made of pipe, steel shapes,
or rods, according to the location and purpose they serve.
STANDING RIGGING : Rigging that is permanently
secured and that is not hauled upon, as shrouds, stays, etc
STAPLING : Plates or angles fitted closely
around or against continuous members passing through a watertight
or oiltight member and caulked or welded to maintain the water or
oil tightness of the structure.
STARBOARD : The right-hand side of the
ship when looking from aft forward. Opposite to port.
STATEROOM : A private room or cabin for
the accommodation of passengers or officers.
STAYS : The ropes, whether hemp or wire,
that support the lower masts, topmasts, top-gallant masts, etc.
in a fore and aft direction.
STEALER : A strake of shell plating that
does not extend completely to the bow or stern.
STEERING GEAR : A term applied to the
steering wheels, leads, steering engine, and fittings by which the
rudder is turned.
STEM : The bow frame forming the apex
of the intersection of the forward sides of a ship. It is rigidly
connected at lower end to the keel.
STERN : The after end of a vessel; the
farthest distant part from the bow.
STERN FRAME : A large casting or forging
attached to the after end of the keel to form the ship's stern.
Includes rudder post, propeller post, and aperture for the propeller
in single-screw vessels.
STERN PIPES : A round or oval casting,
or frame, inserted in the bulwark plating at the stern of the vessel
through which the mooring hawser or warping lines are passed. Also
called Stern Chock.
STERN POST : The main vertical post in
the stern frame upon which the rudder is hung. Also called the Rudder
Post.
STERN TUBE : The bearing supporting the
propeller shaft where it emerges from the ship. It consists of a
hollow cast-iron or steel cylinder fitted with brass bushings, which
in turn are lined with lignum vitae, white metal, etc., bearing
surfaces upon which the propeller shaft, enclosed in a sleeve, rotates.
STIFF, STIFFNESS : The tendency of a vessel
to remain in the upright position, or a measure of the rapidity
with which she returns to that position after having been inclined
from it by an external force.
STIFFENER : An angle bar, T-bar, channel,
etc., used to stiffen plating of a bulkhead, etc.
STOCKS : A general term applied to the
keel blocks, bilge blocks, and timbers upon which a vessel is constructed.
STOP WATER : A term applied to canvas
and red lead, or other suitable material, placed between the facing
surfaces of plates and shapes to stop the passage of oil or water.
Also applied to a wooden plug driven through a scarph joint between
timbers to insure water tightness.
STRAIN : The measure of the alteration
of form which a solid body undergoes when under the influence of
a given stress.
STRAND : An element of a rope, consisting,
in a fiber rope, of a number of rope yarns twisted together and,
in a wire rope, of a primary assemblage of wires.
STRAKE : A term applied to a continuous
row or range of plates. The strakes of shell plating are usually
lettered, starting with A at the bottom row or garboard strake.
STRAKE, BILGE : A term applied to a strake
of outside plating running in the way of the bilge.
STRAKE, BOTTOM : Any strake of plating
on the bottom of a ship that lies between the keel and the bilge
strakes.
STRENGTH MEMBER : Any plate or shape which
contributes to the strength of the vessel. Some members may be strength
members when considering longitudinal strength but not when considering
transverse strength, and vice versa.
STRETCHERS : Athwartship, movable pieces
against which the oarsmen brace their feet in pulling a small boat.
STRESS : The intensity of the force which
tends to alter the form of a solid body; also the equal and opposite
resistance offered by the body to a change of form.
STRINGER : A term applied to a fore-and-aft
girder running along the side of a ship and also to the outboard
strake of plating on any deck. The side pieces of a ladder or staircase
into which the treads and risers are fastened.
STRINGER PLATES : A term applied to the
outboard plates on any deck, or to the plates attached to the top
flanges of a tier of beams at the side of a vessel.
STRUM BOX : The enlarged terminal on the
suction end of a pipe which forms a strainer to prevent the entrance
of material liable to choke the pipe. Also called Rose Box.
STRUT : A heavy arm or brace.
STUD: A bolt threaded on both ends, one
end of which is screwed into a hole drilled and tapped in the work,
and is used where a through bolt cannot be fitted.
STUD LINK: Chain in which each link has
a short distance piece (known as a stud) worked at its mid-length
at right angles with its major axis. This is done in order to maintain
the link shape.
STUDDING : The vertical timbers or framing
of a wooden deck house, fitted between the sill and the plate.
STUFFING BOX : A fitting designed to permit
the free passage or revolution of a rod or a pipe while controlling
or preventing the passage by it of water, steam, etc.
SUBMARINE : Beneath the surface of the
sea. A vessel which is capable of service both below and on the
surface of the water.
SUNK FORECASTLE, SUNK POOP : A forecastle
or poop deck which is raised only a partial deck height above the
level of the upper or weather deck.
SUPERSTRUCTURE : A structure built above
the uppermost complete deck; a pilot house, bridge, galley house,
etc.
SURGE: A vessel's transient motion along
her fore and aft axis.
SWAGE: To bear or force down. An instrument
having a groove on its under side for the purpose of giving shape
to any piece subjected to it when the swage is struck by a hammer.
SWALLOW: A term applied to the oval or
round opening in a chock or mooring ring. See Block.
SWASH BULKHEADS : Longitudinal or transverse
nontight bulkheads fitted in a tank to decrease the swashing action
of the liquid contents. Their function is greatest when the tanks
are partially filled. Without them the unrestricted action of the
liquid against the sides of the tank would be severe. A plate serving
this purpose is called a swash plate.
SWAY: A vessel's motion from side to side.
SWIVEL: A special link constructed in
two parts which revolve on each other, used to prevent fouling due
to turns or twists in chain, etc.
TACKLE: Any combination of ropes and blocks
that multiplies power. Also applied to a single whip which does
not multiply power but simply changes direction.
TAFF RAIL : The rail around the top of the bulwark or rail
stanchions of the after end of the weather deck, be it upper, main,
raised, quarter, or poop.
TAIL SHAFT : The aft section of the shaft
which receives the propeller.
TANKS : Compartments for liquids or gases.
They may be formed by the ship's structure as double bottom tanks,
peak tanks, deep tanks, etc., or may be independent of the ship's
structure and installed on special supports.
TANK TOP : The plating laid on the bottom
floors of a ship, which forms the top side of the tank sections
or double bottom.
TARPAULIN : A term formerly applied to
a paulin which was usually tarred.
TAUT : The condition of a rope, wire,
or chain when under sufficient tension to cause it to assume a straight
line, or to prevent sagging to any appreciable amount.
TEE BAR : A rolled or extruded structural
shape having a cross section shaped like the letter T.
TELEGRAPH : An apparatus, either electrical
or mechanical, for transmitting orders, as from a ship's bridge
to the engine room, steering gear room, or elsewhere about the ship.
TELEMOTOR : A device for operating the
valves of the steering engine from the pilot house by means of either
fluid pressure or electricity.
TEMPLATE : A mold or pattern made to the
exact size of a piece of work that is to be laid out or formed,
and on which such information as the position of rivet holes, size
of laps, etc., is indicated.
TENON : The end of a piece of wood cut
into the form of a rectangular prism, designed to be set into a
cavity or mortise of a like form in another piece.
TENSILE STRENGTH : The measure of a material's
ability to withstand a tensile, or pulling stress without rupture,
usually measured in pounds or tons per square inch of cross section.
TEST HEAD : The head or height of a column
of water which will give a prescribed pressure on the vertical or
horizontal sides of a compartment or tank in order to test its tightness
or strength or both.
THOLES : The pins in the gunwale of a
boat which are used for oarlocks.
THREAD : The spiral part of a screw.
THWARTS : Boards extending across a rowboat
just below the gunwale to stiffen the boat and to provide seats.
TIE PLATE : A single fore-and-aft or diagonal
course of plating attached to deck beams under a wood deck to give
extra strength.
TILLER : An arm attached to the rudder
head for operating the rudder.
TOE : The edge of a flange on a bar.
TOGGLE PIN : A pin having a shoulder and
an eye worked on one end, called the head, and whose other end,
called the point, has its extremity hinged in an unbalanced manner
so that after being placed through a hole, it forms a T-shaped locking
device to keep the pin from working out or being withdrawn without
first bringing the hinged portion into line with the shaft of the
pin.
TONGUE AND GROOVE : The term applied to
a plank or board which has one edge cut away to form a projection,
or tongue, and the opposite edge cut out to form a groove, the tongue
of one plank fitting into the groove of the adjoining plank.
TONNAGE, GROSS : The entire internal cubic
capacity of a vessel expressed in "tons" taken at 100
cubic feet each. The peculiarities of design and construction of
the various types of vessels and their parts necessitate certain
explanatory rulings in connection with this term.
TONNAGE, NET : The internal cubic capacity
of a vessel which remains after the capacities of certain specified
spaces have been conducted from the gross tonnage. Tonnage should
not be confused with displacement.
TOP BREADTH : The width of vessel measured
across the shelter deck.
TOPPING LIFT : A rope or chain extending
from the head of a boom or gaff to a mast, or to the vessel's structure,
for the purpose of supporting the weight of the boom or gaff and
its loads, and permitting the gaff or boom to be raised or lowered.
TOPSIDE : That portion of the side of
the hull which is above the designed waterline. On or above the
weather deck.
TORQUE : The moment of a system of forces
that causes rotation, as of a shaft or a rudder stock.
TRANSOM : A seat or couch built at the
side of a stateroom or cabin, having lockers (transom lockers) or
drawers underneath.
TRANSOM, TRANSOM BOARD : The board forming
the stern of a square-ended row boat or small yacht.
TRANSOM FRAME : The last transverse frame
of a ship's structure. The cant frames, usually normal to the round
of the stern, connect to it.
TRANSVERSE : At right angles to the ship's
fore-and-aft center line.
TRANSVERSE FRAMES : Vertical athwartship
members forming the ribs.
TREADS : The steps or horizontal portions
of a ladder or staircase upon which the foot is placed.
TREENAILS : Wooden pins employed instead
of nails or spikes to secure the planking of a wooden vessel to
the frames.
TRIM : The arithmetic sum of the drafts
forward and aft above and below the mean water-line. The angle of
trim is the angle between the plane of flotation and the mean water-line
plane. A vessel "trims by the head" or "trims by
the stern" when the vessel inclines forward or aft so that
her plane of flotation is not coincident with her mean water-line
plane. See Drag.
TRIPPING BRACKETS : Flat bars or plates
placed at various points on deck girders, stiffeners, or beams as
a reinforcement to prevent their free flanges from tipping.
TRUNK : A vertical or inclined shaft formed
by bulkheads or casings, extending one or more deck heights, around
openings in the decks, through which access can be obtained, cargo,
stores, etc., handled, or ventilation provided without disturbing
or interfering with the contents or arrangements of the adjoining
spaces.
TUMBLE HOME : The decreasing of a vessel's
beam above the waterline as it approaches the rail. Opposite of
flare.
TURNBUCKLES : Used to pull objects together.
A link into whose opposite ends two threaded bars, one left-handed,
the other right-handed, are inserted.
TURRETS : Structures designed for the
mounting and handling of the guns and accessories (usually main
battery guns) of a war vessel. Turrets are constructed so as to
revolve about a vertical axis usually be means of electrical or
hydraulic machinery.
UMBRELLA : A metal shield in the form
of a frustrum of a cone, secured to the outer casing of the smokestack
over the air casing to keep out the weather.
UNSHIP : To remove anything from its accustomed
or stowage place; to take apart.
UPPER DECK : Generally applied to the
uppermost continuous weather deck.
UPPER WORKS : Superstructures or deck
erections located on or above the weather deck. Sometimes applied
to the entire structure above the waterline.
UPTAKE : A sheet-metal conduit connecting
the boiler smoke boy with the base of the smokestack. It conveys
the smoke and hot gases from the boiler to the stack and is usually
made with double walls, with an air space between to prevent radiation
of heat into adjacent spaces.
VALVE : A mechanical device used for controlling
or shutting off the passage of a fluid or gas into or out of a container
or through a pipe line.
VANE : A fly made of bunting and carried
at the masthead or truck, which, being free to rotate on a spindle,
indicates the direction of the wind.
VANG : Ropes secured to the outer end
of a cargo boom, the lower ends being fastened to tackles secured
to the deck, used for guiding and swinging and for holding the boom
in a desired position. Also applied to ropes secured to the after
end of a gaff and led to each side of the vessel to steady the gaff
when the sail is not set.
VENTILATION : The process of providing
fresh air to the various spaces and removing foul or heated air,
gases, etc., from them. This may be accomplished by natural draft
or by mechanical means.
VENTILATORS, BELL-MOUTHED or COWL : Terminals
on open decks in the form of a 90-degree elbow with enlarged or
bell-shaped openings, so formed as to obtain an increase of air
supply when facing the wind and to increase the velocity of air
down the ventilation pipe.
VISOR : A small inclined awning running
around the pilot house over the windows or air ports to exclude
the glare of the sun or to prevent rain or spray from coming in
the openings when the glazed frames are dropped or opened. They
may be of canvas or metal.
VOICE TUBE : A tube designed for the carriage
of the human voice from one part of the ship to another. In its
simplest form the voice-tube system includes a speaking connection
between the pilot house and engine room only. In large war vessels
the system becomes very complicated. Voice tubes are generally made
up to about four inches in diameter and fitted with appropriate
speaking and listening terminals. Telephones have largely replaced
them.
WALES : The side planking on a wood ship
lying between the bottom and the top-side planking.
WARP : A light hawser or tow rope; to
move a vessel along by means of lines or warps secured to some fixed
object.
WARDROOM : A room or space on shipboard
set aside for use of the officers for social purposes and also used
as their mess or dining room.
WASH PLATES : Plates fitted fore and aft
between floors to check the rush of bilge water from side to side
when the ship is rolling.
WATER LINE : A term used to describe a
line drawn parallel to the molded base line and at a certain height
above it, as the 10-foot water line. It represents a plane parallel
to the surface of the water when the vessel is floating on an even
keel, i.e., without trim. In the body plan and the sheer plan it
is a straight line, but in the plan view of the lines it shows the
contour of the hull line at the given distance above the base line.
Used also to describe the line of intersection of the surface of
the water with the hull of the ship at any draft and any condition
of trim.
WATERSHED : A fitting on the outside of
the shell of a ship over an air port, a door, or a window to prevent
water which runs down the ship's side from entering the opening.
One over an air port is also called a Brow or a Port Flange.
WATERTIGHT COMPARTMENT : A space or compartment
within a ship having its top, bottom, and sides constructed in such
a manner as to prevent the leakage of water into or from the space
unless the compartment is ruptured.
WATERWAY : A narrow channel along the
edge of the deck for the collection and disposal of water occurring
on the deck.
WATERWAY BAR : An angle or flat bar attached
to a deck stringer plate forming the inboard boundary of a waterway
and serving as an abutment for the wood deck planking.
WAYS : See launching
WEATHER DECK : A term applied to the upper,
awning, shade, or shelter deck, or to the uppermost continuous deck,
exclusive of forecastle, bridge, or poop, that is exposed to the
weather.
WEB : The vertical portion of a beam;
the athwartship portion of a frame; the portion of a girder between
the flanges.
WEB FRAME : A built-up frame to provide
extra strength consisting of a web plate with flanges on its edges,
placed several frame spaces apart, with the smaller, regular frames
in between.
WEB PLATES: A wide girder plate as in
a web frame or hatch beam. Angle bars are usually fitted on each
edge.
WEDGES : Wood or metal pieces shaped in
the form of a sharp V, used for driving up or for separating work.
They are used in launching to raise the vessel from the keel blocks
and thus transfer the load to the cradle and the sliding ways.
WELDING : For all welding definitions
see "General Specifications for Inspection of Material, Appendix
VII, Welding, Part A, Section A-1, Welding Nomenclature and Definitions,"
issued by the Navy Department.
WHIP : A term loosely applied to any tackle
used for hoisting light weights and serves to designate the use
to which a tackle is put rather than to the method of reeving the
tackle.
WILDCAT : A special type of drum whose
faces are so formed as to fit the links of a chain of given size.
WEIGH ANCHOR: To raise the anchor. When
it is aweigh it is off the bottom.
WINCH : A hoisting or pulling machine
fitted with a horizontal single or double drum. A small drum is
generally fitted on one or both ends of the shaft supporting the
hoisting drum. These small drums are called gypsies, niggerheads,
or winch heads. The hoisting drums either are fitted with a friction
brake or are directly keyed to the shaft. The driving power is usually
steam or electricity, but hand power is also used. A winch is used
principally for the purpose of handling, hoisting, and lowering
cargo from a dock or lighter to the hold of a ship and vice versa.
WINDLASS: An apparatus in which horizontal or vertical drums
or gypsies and wildcats are operated by means of a steam engine
or motor for the purpose of handling heavy anchor chains, hawsers,
etc.
WIND-RODE: Caused to ride or drive by the wind in opposition
to the course of the tide; -- said of a vessel lying at anchor,
with wind and tide opposed to each other.
WIND SCOOP: A scoop-shaped fitting of sheet metal which is
placed in an open air port with the open side forward for the purpose
of catching air and forcing it into a cabin, stateroom, or compartment.
WING, WINGING : A term used to designate structural members,
compartments, sails, and objects on a ship that are located a considerable
distance off the fore-and-aft center line.
WORM, WORM SHAFT : A threaded shaft designed
to engage the teeth of a wheel lying in the plane of the shaft axis.
This type of gear is used for the transmission of heavy loads at
low speeds.
WORMING : Filling the contlines of a rope
with tarred small stuff preparatory to serving, to give the rope
a smoother surface and to aid in excluding moisture from the interior
of the rope.
WRENCH : A hand tool used to exert a twisting
strain, such as setting up bolts, nuts, etc.
WRINKLING : Slight corrugations or ridges
and furrows in a flat plate due to the action of compressive or
shear forces.
Yacht :
a recreational boat. It designates two rather different classes
of watercraft, sailing and power yachts. Yachts are differentiated
from working ships mainly by their leisure purpose, and are basically
fancy houseboats. However, since the level of luxury on larger yachts
has seen an increasing trend, the use of the word yacht to mean
any sailing vessel has been diminishing and is more and more limited
to racing yachts or cruising yachts. Yacht lengths generally start
at 32-35 feet (10-11 m) and go up to hundreds of feet. A mega yacht
generally refers to any yacht (sail or power) above 100 ft (34 m)
and a super yacht generally refers to any yacht over 200 ft (70
m). This size is small in relation to typical cruise liners and
oil tankers.
Yankee :
a fore-sail flying above and forward of the jib, usually seen on
bowsprit vessels
Yar or Yare (pronounced "yahr"
: (Said of a ship) quick to the helm; easily handled
or maneuvered
Yard :
1. the horizontal spar from which a square sail is suspended. Not
to be mistaken for yardarm. 2. the spar from which a quadrilateral
fore-and-aft sail like a spanker or lugsail is suspended. 3. an
area where boats are built, stored or repaired. A term applied to
a spar attached at its middle portion to a mast and running athwartship
across a vessel as a support for a square sail, signal halyards,
lights, etc.
Yardarm :
the very end of a yard. Often mistaken for a "yard", which
refers to the entire spar; as in to hang "from the yardarm"
Yaw : A
vessel's motion rotating about the vertical axis, so the bow rotates
from side to side. Compare to Pitch, Roll, Headway, Sternway, Leeway,
Drift, Surge, and Heave
YAWING: To turn from side to side on an
uneven course.
YIELD POINT : The stress at which a piece
of material under strain yields markedly, becoming permanently distorted
without increase of load.
YOKE : A frame or bar having its center
portion bored and keyed or otherwise constructed for attachment
to the rudder stock. Steering leads to the steering gear are connected
to each end of the yoke for the purpose of turning the rudder. Yoke
lanyards are lines extending from the ends of the yoke to the stern
sheets of a small boat for use in steering.
Zephyr
: a gentle breeze. The west wind.
Z-Twist
: twisted rope with a right-hand lay, the most common twist in rope;
opposite of S-twist
Zodiak
: a brand of very popular inflatable and rigid inflatable boats
(RIBs) used by SCUBA divers because of their stability and ease
of boarding from the water and as tenders by much of the boating
community
Zulu Time
: the difference between local time and Greenwich Meridian Time
or Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Zulu time is sometimes denoted by
the letter "Z", a reference to the equivalent nautical
time zone (GMT), which has been denoted by a Z since about 1950.
Since the NATO phonetic alphabet and amateur radio word for Z is "Zulu",
UTC is sometimes known as Zulu time. This is especially true in
aviation, where Zulu is the universal standard. This ensures everyone,
regardless of location is using the same 24-hour clock, thus avoiding
confusion when navigating between time zones. See Universal
Time
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